Functions Of A Operating System - 1819 Words

Operating Systems, in the most simplest of terms, it is the chief program that manages all the hardwares and softwares. It takes control for every process, file, section of memory and device. They are like the â€Å"middle-man† who arranges business deals between other people but in this case, they it is between every hardware and software that he makes sure interact with each other correctly. There are four essential managers of the operating system and they all work together, as a team, to act efficiently and get the job done. The OS, then, acts as the â€Å"boss† and making sure that everything is working in harmony. Operating System Managers: Memory Manager: This takes charge of the main memory, scanning every request for memory and†¦show more content†¦For example, logging into the Guest account, you won’t be able to access the Administrator’s file as you don’t have the permission to do so. Network Manager: This gives a way for the users to share hardware and software resources while also controlling the user’s access to it. Basic Functions of an Operating System: Booting of computer: the starting and restarting of a computer, the OS is loaded into the system’s main memory, setting up the OS to run applications. Basic reboot keys are ctrl, alt and delete. Handling of resources: The OS ensures that the resources are used efficiently as it manages and assigns memory, storage and CPU’s attention to each system program. File Management: The OS keeps track and arranges files for easy referencing. Example of these are Finder-Mac and File Explorer - PC Multi-tasking: refers to the ability to run several programs at the same time. The OS has control over the tasks, allowing a good flow or movement between programs without having to lose any information. In choosing which operating system to use, you must take into consideration what features are on offer and which ones are most important for you. WINDOWS LINUX ANDROID iOS Does the operating system let you customise what you see on the screen and how you interact with the computer? Windows lets you to change the basic settings such background/theme, font and general colour scheme for you Windows desktop. Linux offers you the most of

The Two Enantiomers (An Analysis of Thomas Hobbes and...

At first glance, Sebastian Casteillo and Thomas Hobbes appear to be very similar. They were both men who were educated and held strong beliefs about their country and how it should be run. After closer inspection, Casteillo and Hobbes are near complete opposites. One philosopher believes in a strong central government, while the other promoted self-rule. Topics that include religious toleration and the fear of the title â€Å"heretic† included completely different perspectives among the two people. Despite their differences, they endured similar fates and continued to argue for their cause. Sebastian Casteillo was a huge advocate for freedom of religion. He expressed a great deal of this particular perspective in his book, De Haereticis. He even challenged John Calvin’s perspective on religious tolerance. They had met at one point and were in agreement about accepting different religious. However, once Sebastian started questioning Calvin’s Christian perspective, Calvin no longer associated with Casteillo. For Calvin, as long as he is not questioned, he can tolerate other viewpoints. Sebastian believed in multiple interpretations of the bible and that people can challenge an interpretation if it does not bring clarity to how the bible should be read. He also believed in people ruling without the need for a central government. Sebastian concluded that a powerful central government would take too much power away from the people (Hillar 1). Casteillo’s opinionated nature caused

Was Okonkwos Suicide at the End of the Novel Expected free essay sample

He was driven by the fear of his father- to avoid being weak and feminine, and as such, he developed into someone who was known for his perseverance, and it is indeed a shock that the protagonist eventually commits suicide, since one would have thought that he would possess enough courage to face the consequences. During the year of share-cropping, a vital year to Okonkwo, that marked the start of his career as a prosperous farmer, the rain poured, and the crops were destroyed. As many were discouraged, Okonkwo was described as having a heart of a(the) lion, and strived even harder instead of being beaten down by the failure. This is a clear representation on Okonkwos willpower, and perseverance. The fact that he was not able to face up to the changing Ibo culture and chose to gave up is certainly unexpected. Moreover, Okonkwo was always seen as a character that was warrior-like, one that believed in fighting back for a cause. In the novel, Okonkwo is described as a warrior, having been the first one to bring back a human head, in the latest prestigious inter-tribal war. This shows his prowess as a person, and his willingness to fight for a cause. Furthermore, he was one of the most respected lords of the clan, and he threw the Cat. His remarkable achievements as a wrestler that propelled him to fame serves as a clear representation of the fighting spirit that Okonkwo had. As such, we would expect him to feel very unjustified and anger towards the Whites for their humiliation for the leaders of the clan, through depriving them of basic rights such as the toilet, and shaving their heads, as well as for their breaking of the clan. Okonkwo was seen to be the ideal leader to lead his clan and tribe towards a revolution against the Whites, nd hopefully overthrow them. However, no such spirit was seen in Okonkwo, unlike the masculine traits he portrayed throughout the book. Instead, he chooses to hide as a coward and commits suicide in the end. However, on the flip side, there is a certain degree in which Okonkwos suicide was expected since we expected him to be driven by fear. Okonkwo is a man who was possessed by his extreme fear of weakness and failure. We see that very clearly here. In the novel, after the men were released, Okonkwo wanted the clan to fight back, and gain their rights. Hence, he proceeded to kill the head messenger to prove to them that they should fight back. However, the missionaries were allowed to run away and he would bear the consequences. But since Okonkwo previously knew about the men in Abame and the hanging incident, he could have chose suicide as an option over public humiliation. Since he was so afraid of failure and of seen as being weak or vulnerable, there was a high possibility that he would not want to face a public death and be subjected to the White mans tortures. Thus, the only way of an escape was for him to take his own life. This resulted in his suicide in the end. The reason as to why this fear would take over Okonkwo and undermine his other positive traits like determination, is solely due to his childhood background and the failure of his father, Unoka. As a child, Okonkwo barely had enough to eat, and his father was a poor farmer. He was the kind of farmer who enjoyed music and fellowship, instead of hard work in the fields. It was a disgrace to be shamefully insulted by his friends, that his father was called an agbala, which meant woman, and he took offence as it was a total shame to be called a effeminate in a masculine tribe. This was the main driving force that led to Okonkwos inbound fear of being seen as someone weak and incapable. He wanted to be someone with ambition, someone with drive, and someone with power over his own life. Hence, he chose to commit suicide and this was very predictable as he wanted to be the one who had the say over how he died. Furthermore, since Okonkwo was a very rigid man, it was one of the reasons for his suicide. Due to Okonkwos inflexible character, as seen in how he aw rules as rules and family as family, in terms of carrying out the goddess orders. In the killing of Ikemefuna, though Okonkwo was warned by a senior member, Ogbuefi Ezeudo, not to have a hand in the boys death, he still proceeded with the group of men and Ikemefuna into the forest. Even though he loved Ikemefuna as a son, and allowed him to carry his chair to important wrestling matches, he was not flexible enough to note the difference between obeyance as a member of the Ibo tribe, and close fostered bon ds as a family. His way of thinking was mainly one-tracked, and he did not view alternative ways of viewing the matter. Similarly for this dominance of the White people in the Ibo society, instead of viewing it positively on how they have set up a trading store, as well as a hospital and schools help to improve the standard of living in society, his rigid way of thinking as a person caused him to be uncomfortable to the changes in the hierachy structure. As a result of this, Okonkwo was not able to adapt to the changes successfully, and chose suicide to escape. There are internal and external factors influencing an individuals decision and view on different things. Okonkwos single action of commiting suicide shows how much weighing of his character was put into place, and conveyed his more dominant trait- blatant fear and inflexibility, which led to the death.

Psychological Basis of Teaching and Learning

Question: Discuss about thePsychological Basis of Teaching and Learning. Answer: Introduction Motivation can be explained as the vital key to achieve success institutional success. Motivation is one of the well-defined and well established aspects in the present institutions. The primary aim of motivation is to develop the morale of the students and offer them the utmost satisfying and required facilities. The motivation of the students at the institutions can be in the form of higher rewards, perks, recognitions, informal environment etc. (Gruman and Saks, 2011). The greater these benefits are the higher is the motivation level of the students is. One more key factor which is associated with the motivation is the students involvement. The institution can achieve great success if there is greater students involvement in terms of the involvement in the overall studies, decisions and actions taken at the institutions (Manzoor, 2012). Earlier motivation was just a theory which was applied in few service organizations but with change in time and workplace culture there is an exte nsive need of motivation especially at the institutional level. Presently motivation is the key concern area in the institutions so there can be achieved higher student involvement. It is not necessary that the motivational level of all the students or the people functioning at a place is similar. The motivational level varies from person to person. Therefore it is necessary to identify the individual needs and recognitions so that appropriate theories and practices can be applied to increase the motivational level of an individual. Presently the institutions incorporate several practices and programs for enhancing the motivation of the students (Nickols, 2010). The institutions laid emphasis on the personal development of the students so that they can have improved results. The enhanced student involvement and motivation has extensive number of advantages such as improved results, enhanced efficiency and effectiveness in the work, increased individual satisfaction and decreased rat e of the students failure. The greater the motivation is the higher is the involvement of the students which results into delivery of innovative ideas and viewpoints which helps in the institutional growth (Zhang and Bartol, 2010). The student involvement and the motivation are the primary and most vital aspects which helps the institutions to attain great ladders of growth and success. These two elements are highly interconnected. And it is essential for the institutions to lay emphasis on both the aspects equally i.e. improving the students involvement by involving them in decision making and incorporating practices which can increase the motivation level of the students (Crawford, LePine and Rich, 2010). Managing a Group of Students who Possess Diverse Motivation Level In various schools, institutions and associations whether the services, hospitality, nursing etc. there are various group of individuals which have different view and opinions in regards with the motivational concept. There are number of theories which will provide an in-depth understanding of the motivational concept, the way in which the motivation can be boost of the people with low motivation (Dartey-Baah and Amoako, 2011). The theories will also help in maintain the motivation of the students who possess high motivational level as well as focus upon the improvement in the motivation of the people who have moderate motivational level. ERG Motivation Theory of Alderfer The ERG motivation theory of Alderfer is basically another form of the Maslows need hierarchy theory. But the five needs have been categorized in three categories only i.e. Growth, Relatedness and Existence. In the existence needs there includes all the desires which are physiological and material needs of an individual for example affection, love, safety, clothing, air, water and food. In the relatedness needs there includes external as well as social esteem, the association with the employers, colleagues, friends and family. It also related to the feeling of security as a vital part of the society and the group. In the growth needs there includes self-actualization and internal esteem. It emphasizes an individual to develop and lay down productive as well as creative impact over the environment and oneself which means progressing towards the idea of oneself (Caulton, 2012). This theory of Alderfer prioritizes all the things and tasks in regards with the concreteness of the categori es. The existence needs are termed as the most concrete one and so they are extremely easy to analyze. Secondly the relatedness needs are comparatively less concrete and are depended upon the association among two or more individuals. And lastly the growth needs are considered as the least concrete and thus it varies from person to person. This theory can be applied at the institutions to motivate the students. In a nursing organization, there are students working as trainees of different categories. For example, the manger as well as the higher authorities must take care that the trainees or the nurses have various needs which are required to be satisfied for efficient working. As per the ERG theory if only one single need is to be emphasized upon than it will not provide desired results of achieving overall motivation. It is necessary that the overall needs must get satisfied. To manage three different kinds of people in an institution this theory can be used. To manage the individuals or the trainees with the least motivational level there has been used of the existence element. As the needs of these people are related to affection, love, safety, clothing, air, water and food are fulfilled than these people will get to know that the institution is considering for them and is also providing them opportunities to achi eve their existing needs. Secondly to manage the group of individuals which are moderately motivated there is a need to satisfy their relatedness needs (Kakkos and Trivellas, 2011). The individuals want to achieve external as well as social esteem, the association with the colleagues, friends and family and for this purpose the institution must provide them with opportunities. The opportunities can be in the form of social recognition, status in the society etc. these recognition will help these individuals to get highly motivated. Lastly to manage the group of individuals which are already highly motivated it is required that there growth need must be concerned. Self-actualization and internal esteem are required to be achieved and for this organization must provide the individuals with opportunities such as providing them the opportunities to develop themselves as well as positive feedbacks and recognitions. Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of Needs The hierarchy of need theory basically categorizes the needs of the individual in five main factors or hierarchy level i.e. physical needs, self-actualization, safety needs, esteem needs and social needs. All these levels have various numbers of elements which are required to be emphasized and accomplished for motivating an individual. The hierarchy of needs theory is useful in the institution where there are students with diverse motivational level as it helps in proper identification of the individual needs and requirements (Jerome, 2013). This theory in the nursing organization ensures as well as safeguards that all the lower level requirements of the trainees get completely satisfied. The Maslows theory offer various opportunities to the individuals in the nursing department for attainment of the needs of approximately all the major levels. To increase the motivation of the trainees in the nursing organizations, the theory focuses on all the five levels. To the students or the tr ainees who have higher motivational level are provided with continuous incentives and benefits which they are getting so that they can be remained highly motivated. These are in the form of incentives which help the individuals in experiencing self-actualization (Kremer and Hammond, 2013). Secondly the trainees with moderate motivational level are provided with increased work role, development trainings and incentives so that their motivational level can be upsurge and they try to have increased satisfaction and lastly the individuals with the low motivation level are been focused by providing them opportunities to accomplish their basic needs as well as to have access to next level needs. Such as in nursing organization the nurses or the trainees have been provided with the opportunities to complete their basic needs (Kaur, 2013). Tesco is one of the leading examples which have applied both the ERG motivation theory as well as Maslow need hierarchy theory in the organization for enhancing the motivation of the individuals. The organization offers high salaries and wages which acts as the motivation factor for the students to join the organization as it satisfy the physiological and basic needs of the individuals. Tesco also take use of career advancement and responsibilities as the prime motivators which helps the students who are working as part time employees. The company possesses a staff options systems through which every promising and potential performer is given a chance of career advancement based upon the competence of that individual. Tesco provides extremely friendly culture to the individuals which help them in getting maximum productivity. The staff also gets huge discounts as well as privileged cards under the employee benefit scheme (Hanas, 2010). David McClelland: Theory of Needs David McClelland has developed the theory of needs in which it was stated that there are three major elements which acts as the motivators for the individuals. These motivators are a need for power, a need for affiliation and a need for achievement. It has been analyzed that the individuals have diverse characteristics which depends upon the motivator which dominates them. As per the psychologist McClelland these motivators are generally learned and this one of the reason this theory is also known as the learned theory. For example, in the institutions there are several types of individuals and regardless of their age, culture or gender all these individuals or the students possess these three motivating drivers. And in all those individuals one motivating driver is the dominant one which forces them to work or get motivate. This dominant motivator is extremely depended upon the individuals life experience and culture. To manage three different kinds of students in an institution thi s theory can be used (Bruton, Ahlstrom and Li, 2010). To manage the individuals with the least motivational level there has been used of achievement motivator. In this there has been setting up of challenging goals. The individuals are required to take risks for achieving these goals. Once they achieve these goals as well as positive feedbacks they get motivated. To manage the group of students which are moderately motivated the dominant motivator is the affiliation. These individuals generally wants to have a group belonging. These individuals work in a team and are must favored by collaboration instead of competition. Thus to manage them there is need of association with other and wants to achieve group recognition. Lastly to manage the group of individuals which are already highly motivated the dominant motivator is power (Day and Antonakis, 2012). These individuals have a primary aim to control as well as influence other individuals. There is a need to manage the motivational le vel of this group which is done by providing them opportunities to have recognition, high status, winning arguments and completion. Through these elements these individuals can easily be managed. Thus if seen from the perspectives of a nursing organization it can be stated that according to this theory the trainees get motivated when there is setting up of goals and objectives which are difficult in nature. The nurses and other trainees are provided with regular feedbacks which act as the motivator for them to out their efforts and achieve the set targets. Once the trainees achieve the goals they increase their effort for the attainment of affiliation and later on for achieving power (Forbes, 2011). Equity Theory by John Adams In the equity theory developed by John Adams, it has been stated that there are several factors which affects the motivation level of the individuals. This theory basically emphasizes upon the perception of the students of their association with the instructor or the professor and the work and its impact over the motivation level of them. This theory is basically developed on the notion that one of the major reasons behind the de-motivated students is the variance in their desired results and their actual results (Bell, 2011). The students found that the output they are receiving are less than the inputs they have served to the institution. And this result into de-motivation, decreased efforts, dissatisfaction, reduced involvement and increased failure rate. Through this equity theory the students can be motivated if they have been provided with equitable and fair opportunities of development and growth (Shantz and Latham, 2011).It is required that the students must be treated with h igh fairness without any issue of inequality. For example, in the various nursing organizations, it is required that all the nurses or the other trainees must get equal opportunity to get incentives and to get promoted. They must be providing with an open discussion of the overall results of the performances so that there can be equality and fairness in the incentives provides as well as in the delegation of the authorities. It will increase the motivation level of all the trainees and mainly the one with the low motivational level. It will also encourage the students to remain motivated and put their extreme efforts in the achievements of the goals (Bell and Martin, 2012). HSBC is one of the leading financial institution as well as a recognized example of a motivational organization which motivates its employees with best possible practices. The bank pays the highest salaries and wages to its employees in comparison with other financial institutions. And this becomes one of the biggest motivations for the student to associate with this organization. The rate of annual increments of HSBC banks is also very high. The work culture has been used by the bank as the factor of motivation as it helps the employees to develop and grow. The equity theory is been taken use by the bank for motivating the employees as equal and fair recognition plan and practices have been implemented in the organization. Other benefits which the bank offers to its employees for increasing the motivation level includes various parties, annual trips, paid holidays, discounted price of the shares etc.(Hanas, 2010). Expectancy Theory by Victor Vroom The expectancy theory works upon three major elements i.e. outcomes, performance and efforts. The theory explained that the performance of an individual is basically based upon various factors such as abilities, experiences, knowledge, skills and personality. As per Vroom, the three elements, outcomes, performance and efforts are highly linked with the individuals motivation. Expectancy can be understood as the belief which shows that with the increase in the efforts there is improvement and enhancement in the performance. As per this theory of Victor Vroom, the students in an institution get motivated when they have been provided with opportunities for their growth and personal development. The students develop several expectations in regards with their efforts done. It is necessary for the institutions to satisfy the students by providing them opportunities so that they can fulfill their expectancies. There is a direct connection among the accomplishment of the expectancy and the m otivation of an individual (Blue, 2011).To manage three different kinds of students in an institution this theory can be used. To manage the students the institutions must work as per the individual need of the students as the expectancy level of each student is different. Analysis of efforts, performances and expectancies will give a better understanding of the motivational level of the students. Google is one of the well-known leaders in providing the best working place to its employees. The motivational level of the employees working at Google is extremely high. Google take use of the expectancy theorys principles for achieving an innovative organizational work culture. To meet the expectancy of the individuals the company offers several benefits to them such as discounted legal aid, tuition reimbursement, paid maternity leave, travel insurance, onsite nurses and physicians, free dinner/lunch etc. All these perks increase the motivation of the individuals such as the reimbursement of the tuition fees motivate the student to achieve higher studies who are at part time job at Google (McMillon, n.d.). Frederick Herzberg: Motivation and Hygiene factors In the Herzberg two factor theory of motivation, the students issues regarding the motivation and dissatisfaction are considered as two diverse aspects. For enhancing the motivation of the students the institutions use syllabus and course redesigning. As per this theory the students get motivated by two different factors. The first factor is the hygiene factor which includes security, interpersonal relations, physical working conditions, fringe benefits, administrative policies and institutional policies. The improved and increase in all these elements have a direct impact over the motivation of the students. The second factor is the motivation factor which includes meaningfulness of the work, responsibility, growth and promotional opportunities, sense of achievement and recognition. The enhancement and improvement in these factors develops and enhances the motivation of the students and emphasize them to work hard (Armstrong and Taylor, 2014).To manage three different kinds of stude nts in an institution this theory can be used as the students with least motivation must be provided with additional benefits, fringe benefits. The students with moderate motivation level must be provided with responsibilities and growth opportunities. And the individuals with high motivation must be offered opportunities for sense of achievement and recognition. Tesco is one of the respectful examples which can be given in the application of this theory at the workplace e for enhancing the motivation of the individuals. The company pays concern over the hygiene factors for motivating the individuals. For instance, Tesco empowers as well as motivates the individuals by implementing timely and appropriate communication with them, by delegating several authorities and responsibilities and by involving the individuals in the decision making. There are open forum in which there is involvement of the individuals related to the pay rises. It displays the work recognition of the employees of Tesco. Douglas McGregor: Theory X and Theory Y The motivation theory developed by McGregor has two variables i.e. Theory X and Theory Y. As per the Theory X, it has been assumed that the individuals are naturally disliked working and they are de-motivated. In such situation, the leaders or the institution takes use of authoritarian management style. There is taken use of strict control and threatened forces for make the work done as well there is high supervision level at every next step. As per the Theory Y, it has been assumed that individuals take responsibilities and are interested in getting motivated. Therefore the institutions take use of participative management style which is de-centralized in nature. The students enjoy their studies as well as assessments with less supervision (Miner, 2015). To manage three different kinds of students in an institution this theory can be used. To manage the students with the least motivational level there has been used of the Theory X so that they can perform well by the threat of autho ritative management style and forced to study hard and give appropriate results to the institution. To manage the group of students which are moderately motivated there must be take use of Theory Y as to give them higher responsibilities so that can enhance their performance as well as motivation. Lastly to manage the group of individuals which are already highly motivated Theory Y will only be used as to provide them recognition and rewards for their hard work so that their motivation remain same (Gannon and Boguszak, 2013). Standard Chartered Bank is one of the corporate examples which apply this theory of motivation in the organization. The organization takes use of Theory Y for motivating the employees. There are several benefits provided to the employees such as high salaries, fringe benefits, job security, opportunities for development and training. There has been offered appreciation and rewards to the efficient workers. There is delegation of responsibilities to the students who work as trainees so that they can have promotions (Irungu, 2013). Conclusion The students who are motivated are the actual and potential assets to an institution as motivation is the key factor for attaining institutional growth and success. The report clearly states that there are several motivational theories which play a vital role in the business, service and educational institutions for enhancing the motivation of the individuals and increase their involvement. All the above explained theories have significant approach in making the individuals motivated. There are various students in the institutions with different motivational level. Thus the report describes that in what manner the diverse needs of the students can be satisfied and they can be motivated (Rich,Lepine and Crawford, 2010).The evaluation of the theories states that there is some similarities among all the motivational theories and the primary and end goal is to satisfy the needs of the students and to motivate them. Hence it can be concluded from the overall report that the institutions m ust use the motivational theories and their significance application for boosting the motivational level of the students or trainees and attaining the institutional goals. References Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice.Kogan Page Publishers. Bell, R. L. (2011). Addressing employees' feelings of inequity: Capitalizing on equity theory in modern management.Supervision Magazine, 72 (5), 3-6. Bell, R.L. and Martin, J.S., (2012). The relevance of scientific management and equity theory in everyday managerial communication situations.Journal of Management Policy and Practice,13(3). Blue, C.S., 2011.Motivation theories and human resources. Bruton, G. D., Ahlstrom, D., Li, H. L. (2010). Institutional theory and entrepreneurship: where are we now and where do we need to move in the future?.Entrepreneurship theory and practice,34(3), 421-440. Business Case Studies, (2017), Motivational theory in practice at Tesco, Retrieved on: 13th February, 2017, Retrieved from: https://businesscasestudies.co.uk/tesco/motivational-theory-in-practice-at-tesco/maslow-and-herzberg.html#axzz4YmHDWuuQ Caulton, J. R. (2012). The development and use of the theory of erg: A literature review.Emerging Leadership Journeys,5(1), 2-8. Crawford, E.R., LePine, J.A. and Rich, B.L., (2010). Linking job demands and resources to employee engagement and burnout: a theoretical extension and meta-analytic test.Journal of Applied Psychology,95(5), p.834. Dartey-Baah, K. and Amoako, G.K., (2011). Application of Frederick Herzberg's Two-Factor theory in assessing and understanding employee motivation at work: a Ghanaian Perspective.European Journal of Business and Management,3(9), pp.1-8. Day, D. V., Antonakis, J. (2012).The nature of leadership. Sage. Forbes, D.L., (2011). Toward a unified model of human motivation.Review of general psychology,15(2), p.85. Gannon, D., Boguszak, A. (2013). Douglas McgregorS Theory X And Theory Y.CRIS-Bulletin of the Centre for Research and Interdisciplinary Study,2013(2), 85-93. Gruman, J.A. and Saks, A.M., (2011). Performance management and employee engagement.Human Resource Management Review,21(2), pp.123-136. Hanas, (2010), IMPROVING STAFF PERFORMANCE, People and Organisation, Retrieved on: 13th February, 2017, Retrieved from: https://hanasmahroof.blogspot.in/2010/05/improving-staff-performance.html Irungu, K.J., (2013), A Study of Employee Motivation at the Standard Chartered Bank of Kenya, Pp.19, Retrieved on: 13th February, 2017, Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/14130505/A_Study_of_Employee_Motivation_at_the_Standard_Chartered_Bank_of_Kenya Jerome, N. (2013). Application of the Maslows hierarchy of need theory; impacts and implications on organizational culture, human resource and employees performance.International Journal of Business and Management Invention,2(3), 39-45. Kakkos, N., Trivellas, P. (2011, July). Investigating the link between motivation, work stress and job performance. Evidence from the banking industry. In8th International Conference on Enterprise Systems, Accounting and Logistics(pp. 408-428). Kaur, A., (2013). Maslows Need Hierarchy Theory: Applications and Criticisms.Global Journal of Management and Business Studies,3(10), pp.1061-1064. Kremer, W. K., Hammond, C. (2013). Abraham Maslow and the pyramid that beguiled business.BBC news magazine. Manzoor, Q.A., (2012). Impact of employees motivation on organizational effectiveness.Business management and strategy,3(1), p.1. McMillon, C., (n.d.), Oh, to be a Googler! 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Organizational Structure Paper

Introduction With globalization and advancement in information technology, enterprises have expanded their operations beyond national borders. Business firms no longer operate in the same geographical regions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Structure Paper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, competition in the global markets has intensified. Businesses have been forced to define better ways of responding more quickly to this change in the business environment. The type of structure adopted by an organization has far-reaching effects on its success in the competitive environment. In order to stay put in business, a business firm must adopt and implement organizational structure that would enable it quickly respond and adapt to the market changes. Case Study: Starbucks Corporation Brief History and Background Starbucks is an international company headquartered in Seattle, Washington. Since its inception in 1971, the company has realized significant growth. It has been expanding its business operations to many countries of the world. Currently, Starbucks Corporation is the largest coffee company in the world. It is estimated to have more than 19,000 stores in 60 countries. The significant achievements of the company are attributed to effective leadership and appropriate organizational structure.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Starbucks’ Organizational Structure (Matrix Structure) Intense competition has forced the company to adopt and implement organizational structure to allow it respond more quickly to rapid changes in the business environment. Starbucks has embraced matrix organizational structure which facilitated grouping of employees by both product and function. Employees in the organization are grouped into teams so that they can take advantage s of each other when accomplishing duties. The structure is flat and differentiated according to functions needed to achieve specific goals. Similarities and Differences between Matrix Structure and Functional Structure Functional structure has also been widely adopted by numerous companies around the world. Notably, functional structure has features similar to those of matrix structure. In both cases, an organization classifies its employees into divisions and allows functions to be integrated. Despite these similarities, they are distinct differences between the two. A matrix structure is more complicated than a functional structure. With a matrix structure, an organization is divided according to products and functions. Therefore, every employee serves two divisions i.e. a product and functional division.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Structure Paper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By contra st, functional structure requires an organization to divide its employees basing on their abilities and qualifications. Unlike functional structure, matrix structure encourages employees to share knowledge. Similarities and differences between Matrix and Bureaucratic Structure Both structures are better suited for typically but not large scale organizations. In both structures, employees’ undertakings are intertwined hence they are jointly responsible for outputs of the organization. Organizations which have adopted bureaucratic structures are not differentiated whereas firms which have matrix structure are highly differentiated. Bureaucratic structures are highly standardized while matrix organizations have low standardization. A matrix structure gives an organization a flat structure while bureaucratic structure makes the entire structure of an entity flat. Matrix is a highly decentralized whereas bureaucratic is highly centralized. How Organizational Functions Influence an d Determine Organizational Structure of Starbucks Corporation Basically, an organizational structure defines how tasks are undertaken and reporting relationships which enable a firm to control and coordinate various activities in a bid to attain predetermined goals and objectives. Therefore, an organization must adopt and implement a structure that would facilitate attainment of the stated goals. In the paradigm case, human resources, marketing and finance operations have influenced the company to adopt matrix organizational structure. In order to stay put in the competitive business environment, Starbucks Corporation must be ready to respond to the changing needs and demands of the consumers, and this constitutes marketing functions. The company must react to new customers’ needs and demands.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As such, it must ensure that lead-times for new products and services are reduced. Therefore, the company has to adopt matrix structure since it will allow it to survive in fast-paced environments. Starbucks has adopted aggressive marketing and product-placement business strategy which can only be achieved through departmentalization. In this case, employees’ efficiency and effectiveness is paramount. Division of employees by function and product allows the organization to coordinate their efforts. Starbucks organization values greater flexibility in various business operations. The organizational needs in respect to human resource are changing constantly hence the company must adopt matrix structure as oppose to hierarchical structure. Since the company has various departments, open communication between employees or stakeholders is valuable. The employees ought to share knowledge and cooperate so as to improve quality of products and service delivered to the customers. Matr ix structure is one of the organizational structures that have been proved to open up for communication. For a long time, Starbucks Corporation has been using teams of employees to perform all operations. Previous management of the entity has had the belief that use of teams allows employees to take the advantages and to make up for the limitations of each other. This would enhance maximum production both in short term and long term. How Organizational design Determines Starbucks’ Organizational Structure Starbucks is a customer-based coffeehouse company and it is operating in a fast-paced business environment. The challenge of most companies around the world has been meeting new customers’ demands. Therefore, the company must ensure that it has measures and processes that enhance quick response to the ever-changing needs of the customers. It must have effective and productive workforce at all times so as to guarantee quality products and services. As such, this has ne cessitated the corporation to employ matrix structure so as to adapt easily to the market changes. The structure inspires high degree of readiness to respond promptly to the new demands of consumers. The company handles different projects geared towards meeting the needs of the customers. Therefore, it must assign specialized resources to launched projects when need be. This can be realized only if there is matrix organization. In a classical view, Starbucks’ activities have been grouped into departments in its quest to achieve intended goals and objectives. The company has adopted formal departmentalization which witnessed grouping of various activities by functions. In the United States, the company is operating under four distinct divisions which include Northwest/Mountain, Northeast, Southeast and Western/Pacific. In order to have maximum communication between various departments and division, the company had to embrace matrix organizational structure. The departments and divisions must support the goals and visions of each other, and this mandated the corporation to adopt matrix structure. Conclusion Arguably, an organization structure influence the success of an entity in modern business environment. Starbucks Corporation has realized great deal of achievements due to its matrix organizational structure which has facilitated specialization and efficiency among the employees. It can be concluded that the structure is suited for companies operating in fast-changing environments. This essay on Organizational Structure Paper was written and submitted by user Br0therh00d0fEv1lMutants to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Jean Toomer

of Jean Toomer, a writer and philosopher. Toomer’s life was consumed by an undying search for spiritual wholeness. He hated for things to be categorized and separated because of the certain characteristics of this group or item. His whole life was driven at being different from everyone else. He wrote poetry, novels, and short stories; and through his life he faced many trials and tribulations.(McKay) Nathan Eugene Toomer was born December 26, 1894, in Pennsylvania, to Nathan Toomer and Nina Pinchback. Nathan Toomer, Jean’s father, was twenty-seven years-older than Nina Pinchback, and Nina’s father, P.B.S. Pinchback, believed that he was not a suitable husband for his daughter. He believed Nathan Toomer was unreliable and an unscrupulous businessman; however, Pinchback did not prevent the marriage of his daughter to this man. Three months after the wedding Nathan Toomer left pregnant bride and did not return until three days before the birth of his son, Nathan Pinchback Toomer. Six weeks after his birth Toomer left again for several months and then returned; finally, in October 1895 he disappeared for good leaving Nina and his son without financial support. This caused Nina to move back to Washington D.C. and live with her parents in 1896. Her father was a strong political figure in the Reconstruction era, so they had the money to support them. They lived the re from 1896 to 1906, and perhaps to escape the conflicts between her parents and her; she remarried. They moved to Brooklyn and then to New Rochelle; it was here that Jean found the library and his love for reading. He also loved the outdoors because it gave him solitude. Jean enjoyed craving, bicycling, swimming, fishing, and sailing. It was in a sailboat that his stepfather gave ... Free Essays on Jean Toomer Free Essays on Jean Toomer Jean Toomer (1894-1967) â€Å"I am of no particular race. I am of the human race, a man at large in the human world, preparing a new race.†(Wagner) These are the famous words of Jean Toomer, a writer and philosopher. Toomer’s life was consumed by an undying search for spiritual wholeness. He hated for things to be categorized and separated because of the certain characteristics of this group or item. His whole life was driven at being different from everyone else. He wrote poetry, novels, and short stories; and through his life he faced many trials and tribulations.(McKay) Nathan Eugene Toomer was born December 26, 1894, in Pennsylvania, to Nathan Toomer and Nina Pinchback. Nathan Toomer, Jean’s father, was twenty-seven years-older than Nina Pinchback, and Nina’s father, P.B.S. Pinchback, believed that he was not a suitable husband for his daughter. He believed Nathan Toomer was unreliable and an unscrupulous businessman; however, Pinchback did not prevent the marriage of his daughter to this man. Three months after the wedding Nathan Toomer left pregnant bride and did not return until three days before the birth of his son, Nathan Pinchback Toomer. Six weeks after his birth Toomer left again for several months and then returned; finally, in October 1895 he disappeared for good leaving Nina and his son without financial support. This caused Nina to move back to Washington D.C. and live with her parents in 1896. Her father was a strong political figure in the Reconstruction era, so they had the money to support them. They lived the re from 1896 to 1906, and perhaps to escape the conflicts between her parents and her; she remarried. They moved to Brooklyn and then to New Rochelle; it was here that Jean found the library and his love for reading. He also loved the outdoors because it gave him solitude. Jean enjoyed craving, bicycling, swimming, fishing, and sailing. It was in a sailboat that his stepfather gave ...

Strategic Analysis_ Gucci Group (Research Needed for Exam) Essay

Strategic Analysis_ Gucci Group (Research Needed for Exam) - Essay Example For example when they use raw materials for a particular collection of clothing, care should be taken to minimize the usage of materials such as animal fur that carry negative impact on nature. As the company uses leather and other animal skins as alligator, environmental damage which may be incurred by high usage of such raw material must be born in mind. With emission control laws setting out new and stringent standards in Europe and across the world, manufacturing facilities of Gucci will have to ensure compliance to new regulations. With the process of globalization, internet era and new industries such as ITC creating new avenues of wealth and wealthy individuals, the primary market segment of Gucci have expanded. A new segment of less affluent â€Å" Wannabees† aiming to emulate the Gucci’s traditional customer profile is offering new business opportunities. With the ageing population increasing in Europe, the market for fashionable luxury goods as Gucci will expand as it is the more mature people who can afford such exclusive luxuries. However in the long run this social trend can be detrimental as there would be a larger population that are seniors and supported by a fewer number of working population, creating low spending power in the economy. With the developments in IT, managing logistics, supply chain, retail outlet inventories and product development can all be upgraded to be on a networked system with real-time information. Such information integration is essential to support multi brand multi product business operations which are highly diversified and globally located. Internet is widely used and can be utilizes as a advertising tool to a greater extent, making available design and product information, as well as collection videos so that the reach of the communications are wider and cost effective. With the new developments in technology, new fabrics are being developed and Gucci as a forerunner in the fashion industry will be affected

Experimental Research in IR Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Experimental in IR - Research Paper Example Reflecting the usefulness and the limitations of experiments alongside evaluating the text of Hudson and Butler, the research question of this paper is â€Å"How can experiment as a research methodology fulfill the aims of social scientific investigation†. The rest of this paper will forge an analysis by reflecting on different issues in political research to answer the question. The question is significant in the field of international relations because it will not only open the discussion of whether experiments could be used as a mainstream method in international studies but will also help us look into the areas of research which has been insufficiently investigated.One of the main aims of a social scientific inquiry is to produce knowledge and objective facts that will not only help to solve real-world problems but will also produce other similar questions that will spearhead the further political investigation. Similarly, the work of a social scientific inquiry is to also â€Å"further the goals of a scientific literature†. The subfields of international relations are constantly growing in areas like Cognitive Psychology, Anthropology, Socio-biology and comparative politics. The fact that international relations are constantly growing in an interdisciplinary manner provides the ground to use the experimental method to fulfill the ambitions of this issue area.The rigorous technique of researching with experiments will not only provide a bridge but will also connect the knowledge gained from the research.

A Re-managed Heart in Retail Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A Re-managed Heart in Retail Change - Essay Example There are several internal and external factors like the cultural change, technological changes, social behavior and economical changes often influence in the change of organization behavior. Influence of external environment on the organizational behavior of food retailers like Stox Stores In this report we can see the food retailers like Stox Stores needs to change their business practices and organization behavior due to the change in technological development and also because of the social changes that occurs externally from time to time. The use of technology helps the competitors’ to providing better productivity and at a low cost. New products are developed at a shorter time and also at low cost which in turn increase demand for the product. To compete in this situation the organizational changes are required in the field of technology to meet the demand of the customers. The changes in the pattern of consumer behavior also lead to changes in technology for the food ret ailers. Various online stores with the facility of home delivery attracts customer in this busy world (Bakan et. al, n.d. p.8). Another important factor affecting the organizational behaviors’ is the social factor. The behaviors of the customer are changing with time with the change in their lifestyle. Companies need to be more customers centric these days to meet the demand of the customers. Society is more concerned today with the type of services they get from the company. The retail chains are required to manage their operations thinking about the demands of the market. Better service from the company, increase customer loyalty, reputation of the company which in turn increases the market share of the company. The customer centric approach is the modern trend in business process. The services provided by the company should satisfy the needs in respect of customer care, pricing and also the availability. In food retailer industry the management should be smooth so that the customers don’t face any problem while buying and check out process. Cutting queuing time as well as handling the shelf is the major aspects companies should look upon very carefully with proper management and staffing (Lamp, Hair & McDaniel, 2011, p. 105). Relationship between organizational culture and organizational development can influence the way change is managed Organization development is about knowing a system and the people associated with it and then to plan for the development and changes of the organization for growth and better relationship. Organization development practitioners improve the effectiveness of the organization by applying their knowledge on different disciplines (Human Dimension, n.d.). On the other hand the organizational culture is about the personality of the company. It comprises of the firm’s values, norms and assumption of the members and their behaviors’. It’s very difficult to isolate what is culture in an organizati on but every employee knows what is right and wrong for the organizational culture in practice. It can be taken as systems of practices which are carried out in

The memory worksheet

The memory worksheet Using the text, Cognition: The Thinking Animal, the University Library, the Internet, and/or other resources, answer the following questions. Your response to each question should be at least 150 words in length. What is primary memory? What are the characteristics of primary memory? Primary memory is working memory, which is processes work from images within the memory. Primary memory is the decision-making and awareness part of short-term memory concerned with the temporary incorporation, processing, removal, and recovery of information. Primary memory retrieves information from short-term memory, the environment to possibly be kept later in secondary memory. The characteristics of primary memory tasks involve the active handling or monitoring of behaviors or information. Additionally, primary memory is essentially different from secondary memory. The characteristics include forgetting (how this occurs), memory representation, storage of information (how much), processing of acoustic information (phonological loop), processing of visual information and how decisions are made. Primary memory theories exist both regarding the theoretical structure of working memory and the role of specific parts of the brain involved in working memory. Furthermore, research identifies that the frontal cortex, parietal cortex, anterior cingulate, and parts of the basal ganglia are crucial for working memory function. Working memory is generally considered to have limited capacity. What is the process of memory from perception to retrieval? What happens when the process is compromised? The process of memory from perception to retrieval is the sorting of all information by the brain into short-term or long-term memory. Additionally, the brain will discard the information if the information is not needed. Our short-term memory allows an individual to hold on to information that is needed during a precise moment and then the brain discards it. Short-term memory stores small amounts of information. Some information can be moved from short-term memory to long-term memory by encoding. Then the brain consolidates the information by linking the new memory to any current memory. There are three ways of measuring memory retrieval that differ from one another. They are the recall method, the recollection memory, the recognition method, and relearning method. When the process is compromised it causes a person to only recall certain portions of the information that is trying to be retrieved, but not the exact information needed. This is known as the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. Is it possible for memory retrieval to be unr eliable? Why or why not? What factors may affect the reliability of ones memory? Yes it is possible for memory retrieval to be unreliable because of inaccurate recall due to the environment, prior memories of the individual or biased questions. For example, eyewitness testimony given by an individual that witnessed a crime first hand. The questions that are asked by a police officer or lawyer in reference to the crime, these questions can contain cues that might influence the individuals memory retrieval. Another factor that can affect the reliability of a memory is bias. Some factors that affect the reliability of an individuals memory are being tired, stress, emotions, or under the influence of drugs or alcohol at the time of the incident

Thinking Our Anger :: Philosophy Religion Papers

Thinking Our Anger The events of September 11th have occasioned a wide variety of responses, ranging from calls to turn the other cheek, to calls to nuke half the Middle East – and every imaginable shade of opinion in between. At a time when emotions run high, how should we go about deciding on a morally appropriate response? Should we allow ourselves to be guided by our anger, or should we put our anger aside and make an unemotional decision? D. H. Lawrence once wrote: My great religion is a belief in the blood, the flesh, as being wiser than the intellect. We can go wrong in our minds. But what our blood feels and believes and says, is always true. The intellect is only a bit and a bridle. What do I care about knowledge? All I want is to answer to my blood, direct, without fribbling intervention of mind or moral, or what not. At the other extreme, the Roman philosopher Seneca argued that we should never make a decision on the basis of anger – or any other emotion, for that matter. In his treatise On Anger, Seneca maintained that if anger leads us to make the decision we would have made anyway on the basis of cool reason, then anger is superfluous; and if anger leads us to make a different decision from the one we would have made on the basis of cool reason, then anger is pernicious. This disagreement between Lawrence and Seneca conceals an underlying agreement: both writers are assuming an opposition between reason and emotion. The idea of such a bifurcation is challenged by Aristotle. For Aristotle, emotions are part of reason; the rational part of the soul is further divided into the intellectual or commanding part, and the emotional or responsive part. Both parts are rational; and both parts are needed to give us a proper sensitivity to the moral nuances of the situations that confront us. Hence the wise person will be both intellectually rational and emotionally rational. Emotional people whose intellectual side is weak tend to be reluctant to accept reasonable constraints on their behaviour; they are too aggressive and self-assertive for civilized society – too "Celtic," Aristotle thinks. They answer directly to their blood, without fribbling intervention of mind or moral, and much hewing and smiting ensues. But intellectual people whose emotional si de is weak are often too willing

Importance of Statistics

IMPORTANCE OF STATISTICS In today's world we are faced with situations everyday where statistics can be applied. Statistics can be used to determine the potential outcome of thousands of things where the human mind alone wouldn't be able to. Statistics benefits all of us because we are able to predict the future based on data we have previously gathered. Being able to predict the future not only changes our lifestyle but also helps us be more efficient and effective. Statistics is the science of collection, analysis, and presentation of data.Statisticians contribute to scientific enquiry by applying their knowledge to the design of surveys and experiments; the collection, processing, and analysis of data; and the interpretation of the results. Statisticians may apply their knowledge of statistical methods to a variety of subject areas, such as biology, economics, engineering, medicine, public health, psychology, marketing, education, and sports. Many economic, social, political, and military decisions cannot be made without statistical techniques, such as the design of experiments to gain federal approval of a newly manufactured drug.Statisticians provide crucial guidance in determining what information is reliable and which predictions can be trusted. They often help search for clues to the solution of a scientific mystery and sometimes keep investigators from being misled by false impressions Why do we need to study statistics? There are five major reasons to study statistics: * The first reason is to be able to effectively conduct research. Without the use of statistics it would be very difficult to make decisions based on the data collected from a research project.For example, in the study cited in Chapter One, is the difference in recorded absenteeism between psychiatric and obstetrics nurses large enough to conclude that there is meaningful difference in absenteeism between the two units? There are two possibilities: The first possibility is that the diff erence between the two groups is a result of chance factors. In reality, the two jobs have approximately the same amount of absenteeism. The second possibility is that there is a real difference between the two units with the psychiatric unit being more nurses missing work.Without statistics we have no way of making an educated decision between the two possibilities. Statistics, however, provides us with a tool to make an educated decision. We will be able to decide which of the two possibilities is more likely to be true. We will base this decision on our knowledge of probability and inferential statistics. A second point about research should be made. It is extremely important for a researcher to know what statistics they want to use before they collect their data. Otherwise data might be collected that is uninterruptable.Unfortunately, when this happens it results in a loss of data, time, and money. Now many a student may by saying to themselves: â€Å"But I never plan on doing any research. † While you may never plan to be involved in research, it may find its way into your life. Certainly, it you decide to continue your education and work on a masters or doctoral degree, involvement in research will result from that decision. Secondly, more and more work places are conducting internal research or are becoming part of broader research studies. Thus, you may find yourself assigned to one of these studies.Finally, many classes on the undergraduate level may require you to conduct research (for example, a research methods or experimental psychology course). In each of these instances, a knowledge of measurements and statistics will be invaluable. * The second reason to study statistics is to be able to read journals. Most technical journals you will read contain some form of statistics. Usually, you will find them in something called the results section. Without an understanding of statistics, the information contained in this section will be meaningle ss.An understanding of basic statistics will provide you with the fundamental skills necessary to read and evaluate most results sections. The ability to extract meaning from journal articles and the ability to critically evaluate research from a statistical perspective are fundamental skills that will enhance your knowledge and understanding in related coursework. * The third reason is to further develop critical and analytic thinking skills. Most students completing high school and introductory undergraduate coursework have at their disposal a variety of critical thinking and analytic skills.The study of statistics will serve to enhance and further develop these skills. To do well in statistics one must develop and use formal logical thinking abilities that are both high level and creative. * The fourth reason to study statistics is to be an informed consumer. Like any other tool, statistics can be used or misused. Yes, it is true that some individuals do actively lie and mislead with statistics. More often, however, well meaning individuals unintentionally report erroneous statistical conclusions. If you know some of the basic statistical concepts, you will be in a better position to evaluate the information you have been given. The fifth reason to have a working knowledge of statistics is to know when you need to hire a statistician. Most of us know enough about our cars to know when to take it into the shop. Usually, we don't attempt the repair ourselves because we don't want to cause any irreparable damage. Also, we try to know enough to be able to carry on an intelligible conversation with the mechanic (or we take someone with us who can) to insure that we don't get a whole new engine (big bucks) when all we need is a new fuel filter (a few bucks). We should be the same way about hiring a statistician.Conducting research is time consuming and expensive. If you are in over your statistical head, it does not make sense to risk an entire project by attempt ing to compute the data analyses yourself. It is very east to compute incomplete or inappropriate statistical analysis of one's data. As with the mechanic discussed above, it is also important to have enough statistical savvy to be able to discuss your project and the data analyses you want computed with the statistician you hire. In other words, you want to be able to make sure that your statistician is on the right track.To summarize, the five reasons to study statistics are to be able to effectively conduct research, to be able to read and evaluate journal articles, to further develop critical thinking and analytic skills, to act as an informed consumer, and to know when you need to hire outside statistical help. How statistics are used in business areas Statistics clearly has real world applications in all of the subjects you list. * Accounting – Random sampling is frequently used by accounting firms when accounts (like travel expenses) are relatively small and inconseque ntial.You can use a random sample to estimate the quality of the whole population of accounts. * Finance – Trend analysis and correlation are common when making economic forecasts. * Management – Sampling of opinion polls and data pertaining to personnel. These are often summarized with estimates of errors. * Marketing – Customer surveys, correlations between advertising outlays and increased revenues. Estimates of market sizes use sampling. Product quality is also a rich field for statistical analysis. Any time you want a quick answer, you can get a good estimate by using statistical sampling.For example, a stratified random sample of accounts can be used instead of an exact calculation when you have paper sales orders (or pending sales orders) that are not entered into the computer. Make sure to count all the big ones, and you can estimate the small ones. On the other hand following ways, statistics can be possible to use in the business area. In general a typ ical organization has three levels: Strategic, Managerial and Oper- ational. This classi? cation is somewhat general and arbitrary. However, this can help identify and emphasize di? rent tools to be directed at the di? erent levels. We envision Statistics to play important roles at all these levels. Strategic Level (Top of an Organization) At the strategic level the most emphasis should be on Statistical thinking which Have the following components: * Notion of a Process, * Notion of measurement and data based decisions, * Understanding and dealing with variation, * Statistical tools, and * Systematic approach. The notion of process thinking is fundamental to any organizational change. Every action has some inputs and outputs which need to be identi? d in every context. Decisions at the strategic level should be based on facts supported by appropriate data and this requires an understanding of variation (Deming 1986). Business and Industry have seen the arrival and demise of many pr ograms such as Total Quality Management. Embracing any program that comes along without ? rm commitment and understanding is doomed to failure. Managerial Level (Middle Level) This is the level at which systems are devised for implementation of the directions taken by upper management.In particular, systems for robust product and pro- cess design, process control and improvement, and training are the responsibility of middle management. Understanding of some statistical tools and statistical thinking are prerequisites for those who are designing these systems. Operational Level At this level the methods are implemented through the system built at the mana- gerial level. Understanding of statistical tools such as control charting, capability analysis, design of experiments, measurement system analysis, regression analysis etc are essential.Appropriate statistical tools need to be used by operational peo- ple as part of their daily work. People in some areas need to know the details o nly of certain statistical tools. For instance, an operator responsible for maintaining stability of a process by charting should know the workings of a control chart but need not know a lot about design of experiments. On the other hand an engineer responsible for process improvement should be knowledgeable in several aspects of statistical process control and design of experiments.How entrepreneur minimizes the business risk By using following tools, am entrepreneur can minimize the business risk. Those are: * Business forecasting * Risk return analysis in portfolio and project management * Probability concept in manufacturing area and others Statistics are used all over the world. They can be applied in almost any situation and can always help. They are used in explaining group behavior of organisms, marketing research, and the list goes on and on. A good example is how scientists observe the behavior of groups of animals.Scientists can record data from a group of elephants and d etermine that a certain percentage of elephant herds will defend themselves from predators while the other percentage may run away. This kind of data can help scientists predict the elephant's lifestyle and culture. Statistics affects our daily life every day. Researchers use statistics to advertise their products which in turn we the consumer purchase. The price of the products we buy are determined upon statistics which show the demand for the product at that point in time and because of these statistics, we the consumers pay a certain amount of money to buy the product.Another example of how statistics affect me is in school. Every year statistics are looked over and the curriculums for the classes I take are based on data collected in the past. The curriculums are modified and help the learning process. In conclusion, statistics are a major staple of our world today. They are used in practically any situation and help improve our overall lifestyle. Statistics change the way we t hink about tomorrow and the way we live today and without them.

History of the Philippines Essay Example

History of the Philippines Essay Example History of the Philippines Paper History of the Philippines Paper CONTRIBUTION AND ACHIEVEMENTS General Emilio Aguinaldo (January 23, 1899 – April 1, 1901) To make it easier for you to master, always remember why Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was on the 5-peso bill (which is not used anymore, instead his head-profile is on the 5-peso coin) bearing the Philippine flag at the celebration of the Philippine Independence Day, it’s because he was the  first president  of the Philippines First Republic (a. k. a. Malolos Republic). Contributions and Achievements of Emilio Aguinaldo: * first president * youngest president – he became the country’s leader at age 28 * longest-lived president – he died when he was 94 (wow! * one of the active leaders of KKK * signed the Pact of  Biak na Bato * known as the President of the Revolutionary Government * he fought against the Spanish and American to retain our independence 2Manuel L. Quezon (November 15, 1935 – August 1, 1944) Notable facts about Manuel Luis Quezon is that, h e is known as the â€Å"Father of National Language† (Ama ng Wikang Pambansa) and he died in Saranac Lake, New York due to tuberculosis. I’ve seen his life-sized wax statue inside the Quezon Memorial Circle, it was well crafted. Contributions and Achievements of Manuel L. Quezon: first Senate president elected as President of the Philippines * first president elected through a national election * first president under the Commonwealth * he created National Council of Education * he initiated women’s suffrage in the Philippines during the Commonwealth * he made Tagalog / Filipino as the national language of the Philippines * he appears on the twenty-peso bill * a province, a city, a bridge and a university in Manila were named after him * his body lies within the special monument on Quezon Memorial Circle 3 Jose P. Laurel (October 14, 1943 – August 17, 1945) Laurel was the third to sit at the office during Japanese occupation of World War II. He was the only Filipino president to have been shot outside of combat. Contributions and Achievements of Jose P. Laurel: * he was considered as the legitimate president of the Philippines * he organized KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas). * he declared Martial Law in 1944 * he and his family developed the establishment of Lyceum of the Philippines 4. Sergio Osmena (August 1, 1944 – May 28, 1946) Sergio Osmena was the second president of the Commonwealth; he succeeded Quezon after his death. Contributions and Achievements of Sergio Osmena: * he was 65 when he became president– making him the oldest president to hold office * he was the first Visayan to become president * he joined US Gen. Douglas McArthur in Leyte on October 20, 1944 starting the freedom of the Philippines from the Japanese during World War II * during his time, the Philippine National Bank has been rehabilitated and the country joined the International Monetary Fund * on his time, the Bell Trade Act was approved by the US Congress * Sergio Osmena appears on the 50 peso bill Manuel Roxas (May 28, 1946 – April 15, 1948) Roxas was the fifth president of the Philippines overall but he was considered as the third and last president under the Commonwealth and the first of the Third Republic of the Philippines. He only sat in the office for 1 year, 10 months and 18 days. Contributions and Achievements of Manuel A. Roxas: was inaugurated as the new and first president of the new Republic because t he Philippines was finally free after the WW II * in his time, the country has started reconstruction from war damage and the Philippines started breathing without foreign rule * under his term, the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and Philippine Trade Act laws were accepted by the congress * he is in the 100 peso bill 6,Elpidio Quirino (April 17, 1948 – December 30, 1953) He was the vice president at Roxas time. He became president when the latter died in 1948. Contributions and Achievements of Elpidio Quirino: under his term Hukbalahap movement was active * he created Social Security Commission * he also created Integrity Board to monitor graft and corruption * in 1948, Quezon City was the capital of the Philippines * peso and dollar exchange rate at his time was 1 US = P2 7. Ramon Magsaysay (December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957) He was born in Iba, Zambales, was a military governor, and engineer. He died on a plane crash on Dec. 1957, boarding the presidential plane name d â€Å"Mt. Pinatubo Contributions and Achievements of Ramon Magsaysay: * was a chairman of the Committee on Guerilla Affairs was the first president sworn into office wearing  Barong Tagalogin his inauguration * his presidency was referred as the Philippines’ Golden Years for it was the cleanest and zero-corruption * the Philippines was ranked 2nd  in Asia’s clean and well-governed countries * he established National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) among his agrarian reforms 8,Carlos P. Garcia (March 18, 1957 – December 30, 1961) Another lawyer, Carlos P. Garcia was a poet, teacher, and guerilla leader too. Born from Bohol, he was the vice president of Magsaysay and secretary of Foreign Affairs for 4 years. He became president when Magsaysay died in 1957. Contributions and Achievements of Carlos P. Garcia * he was known for  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Filipino First Policy† * he established the Austerity Program focusing on Filipino trade and commerce * was known as the â€Å"Prince of Visayan Poets† and the â€Å"bard from Bohol† * cultural arts was revived during his term * was the first president to have his remains buried at the  Libingan ng mga Bayani 9. Diosdado Macapagal (December 30, 1961 – December 30, 1965) He was born in Lubao, Pampanga, Diosdado Macapagal is the father of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, the 14thand second woman president of the Philippines. He was a lawyer and a professor, too. Contributions and Achievements of Diosdado Macapagal: * he established the first Land Reform Law * he placed the Philippines currency – peso, on the currency exchange market * he made June 12 1898 as the Philippines’ Independence Day * he signed the Minimum Wage Law * he signed the creation of the Philippine Veteran’s Bank 10,Ferdinand Marcos (December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986) Born from Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, Ferdinand Edralin Marcos was a lawyer and Senate President for 3 years. He was president for 21 years and only quit office after the People Power Revolution. His wife,  Imelda Marcos  became quite popular in the world too. His term was the most controversial and messy one because of Martial Law and People Power although Marcos has contributed a lot of nice things in the Philippines. He was  one of the best and brightest presidents  even though their family was rumored to have embezzled public funds to Switzerland and other wealthy countries. Contributions and Achievements of Ferdinand Marcos: * he was the first president to win a second term * he declared Martial Law on Sept. 2, 1972 * he increased the size of Philippine military and armed forces * in 1980, GNP was 4 times greater than 1972 * in 1986, the Philippines was one of the most indebted countries in Asia * he built more schools, roads, bridges, hospitals and infrastructures than all former presidents did combined * is the only president whose remains interred inside a refrigerated crypt 11. Corazon Aquino (February 25, 1986 – June 30, 1992) The first woman president of the Philippines and the first woman president in Asia, Cory Aquino is the wife of Benigno Aquino Jr. (who was assassinated during Marcos regime). She was born in Paniqui, Tarlac Contributions and Achievements of Corazon Aquino: * was named â€Å"Woman of the Year† in 1986 by Time magazine * first woman president of the Philippines and Asia * she’s known to bring back democracy in the country * she abolished 1973 Marcos Constitution brought the new Constitution of the Philippines * she reorganized the structure of the executive branch of government * signed the Family Code of 1987 and 1191 Local Government Code * she always initiated charitable and social activities helping the poor and the needy * she’s been cited as a modern-day Joan of Arc by many she is in the new 500 peso bill together with her husband Ninoy Aquino she has received great honors and awards such as one of: * 100 Women Who Shaped World History * 20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th  Century * 65 Great Asian Heroes * a recipient of J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understandin 12. Fidel V. Ramos (June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998) FVR was the chief-of-staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines before he became president. Unknown to many, he’s also a civil engineer. He brought back economic growth and stability in the country in spite of the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. He is the first and only non-Catholic president of the Philippines. Contributions and Achievements of Fidel V. Ramos * during his time, the Philippines was cited as  Asia’s Next Economic Tiger  because he brought back economic growth * the Philippines celebrated Centennial Independence in 1998 * he’s the only Filipino who received  British Knighthood  from the United Kingdom, bestowed by Queen Elizabeth II (Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George) * he led the 4th  APEC Summit held in the Philippines his â€Å"Philippines 2000† vision made the Philippine Stock Exchange one of the best in the world in the mid-90s * Death Penalty was reinstated at his time * he signed peace talks and agreement with the MNLF 13. Joseph Estrada (June 30, 1998 – January 20, 2001) Known as Erap, he was the first president who was a famous film actor. His governance had so many downs due to controversies, impeachment and slow economic growth. I thi nk he’s the first president who has been impeached and the second one who was forced to leave the office because of People Power III in Edsa. Philippine economy was at its worst because of leadership uncertainty. Contributions and Achievements of Joseph â€Å"Erap† Estrada: * during his time, the MILF’s headquarters and camps were captured * he joined other leaders and politicians who supported against the Charter Change * was cited as one of the Three Outstanding Senators in 1989 * was among the â€Å"Magnificent 12† who voted for the termination of the Philippines and US Military Bases Agreement from Clark Airbase and Subic Naval Base 14. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (January 20, 2001 – June 30, 2010) Gloria Arroyo, daughter of ex-president Diosdado Macapagal, was the second female president of the Philippines. She was 14 when she moved and lived in the Malacanang Palace. Oakwood Mutiny occurred on her term. There were also lots of messy controversies against Gloria like impeachments and the Hello Garci disgrace but Gloria has known to have contributed big record for road, bridges infrastructures and higher economic growth than the past 3 presidents term did. Amid the 2008 global financial crisis, the Philippines still had an impressive GDP growth and it was so hard to keep it afloat but she did. Contributions and Achievements of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo: * second female president of the country * first and only female vice-president of the Philippines so far (to date) * first president to had oath taking outside Luzon an ex-professor of Economics at the Ateneo de Manila University where Noynoy Aduino was one of her students * an ex-classmate of former  US president Bill Clinton  at Georgetown University’s Walsh School of Foreign Service where she maintained Dean’s list status * she regained  higher economic growth than the past 3 presidents before her * Philippine economy grew at its fastest in 3 decades in 2007, GDP exceeding 7% growth * US ex-president Bill Clinton cited Gloria’s â€Å"tough decisions† because of her brilliant strategy to make the countrys economy back in shape amidst the 2008 global fi nancial crisis * Peso became the best performing currency of the year in Asia in 2007 * eVAT Law was implemented under her term * she is currently in the 200 peso bill 15 Benigno Aquino III (June 30, 2010 – present) Son of the first female president of the Philippines and Asia – Corazon Aquino, Benigno Aquino III Aquino a. k. a. NoyNoy joined the House of Representatives and the Senate before his presidency. He is the first president who is a bachelor, unmarried and has no children. Contributions and Achievements of Benigno Aquino III: * he created the no wang-wang policy and this was practiced on his inaugural address * he assigned the notable Jesse Robredo as the secretary of DILG in 2010. * he initiated the K-12 education in the Philippines * he renamed the Office of the Press Secretary into Presidential Communications Operations Office and appointed new officers * he signed an EO about suspension of allowances and bonuses of GOCCs and GFIs board members * has paved peace in Mindanao thru the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Movement * in 2012, the Philippine economy grew 7. 1% besting other South East Asian countries

Free Essays on Anne Moody

Anne Moody plays a strong role in the civil rights movement. As a child she faced many challenges growing up as a poor black girl. Yet, despite these circumstances all those setbacks inspired her to move on. Moody was determined to make a change in the community and she would stop at nothing. When growing up Anne encountered many problems. Her uncle George Lee used to beat her when he would baby-sit her and her little sister Adline. Their house caught on fire once because her uncle was trying to burn her. In addition, her parents separated because her father began to gamble and come home when he pleased. Her child hood was extremely difficult; she was the oldest of nine children. Still Anne Moody chooses to succeed. She was Valedictorian of her class and received scholarships to go to college. The first time Moody was really insulted by segregation, was when she heard about the murder of Emmet Till. Emmet Till was a young boy from Greenwood, who was killed for whistling at a white girl. This incident really affected Moody. She was scared, hurt, angered and confused. The death of Emmet Till was Anne’s inspiration to fight for the rights of blacks. Moody said that she knew the fear of hunger and poverty, but this was the first time that she faced the fear of being black. The death of Emmet inspired Anne to ask questions and to get more knowledge on the black movement. Her teacher Mrs. Rice informed Moody about the NAACP and told her many stories. Moody was shocked to hear about all the horrible acts that were being done to blacks. Mrs. Rice also told Anne that she must keep that information to herself because it could get them into trouble. Basically, it was understood that the Negroes in Centreville were not allowed to discuss these types of things. Moody was really affected by Emmet’s death, but all the other incidents gave her the strength to seek change. For example, the burning of The Taplan’s house, ... Free Essays on Anne Moody Free Essays on Anne Moody Anne Moody plays a strong role in the civil rights movement. As a child she faced many challenges growing up as a poor black girl. Yet, despite these circumstances all those setbacks inspired her to move on. Moody was determined to make a change in the community and she would stop at nothing. When growing up Anne encountered many problems. Her uncle George Lee used to beat her when he would baby-sit her and her little sister Adline. Their house caught on fire once because her uncle was trying to burn her. In addition, her parents separated because her father began to gamble and come home when he pleased. Her child hood was extremely difficult; she was the oldest of nine children. Still Anne Moody chooses to succeed. She was Valedictorian of her class and received scholarships to go to college. The first time Moody was really insulted by segregation, was when she heard about the murder of Emmet Till. Emmet Till was a young boy from Greenwood, who was killed for whistling at a white girl. This incident really affected Moody. She was scared, hurt, angered and confused. The death of Emmet Till was Anne’s inspiration to fight for the rights of blacks. Moody said that she knew the fear of hunger and poverty, but this was the first time that she faced the fear of being black. The death of Emmet inspired Anne to ask questions and to get more knowledge on the black movement. Her teacher Mrs. Rice informed Moody about the NAACP and told her many stories. Moody was shocked to hear about all the horrible acts that were being done to blacks. Mrs. Rice also told Anne that she must keep that information to herself because it could get them into trouble. Basically, it was understood that the Negroes in Centreville were not allowed to discuss these types of things. Moody was really affected by Emmet’s death, but all the other incidents gave her the strength to seek change. For example, the burning of The Taplan’s house, ...

Internet Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Internet Marketing - Assignment Example 135-152). It emphasis on the use of ICT to facilitate faster transactions that help companies manage the complications of global business environments. It involves improvements in extranets and intranets. Internet marketing, (online marketing) refers to marketing and advertising techniques using the email and web to drive continuous sales through electronic commerce. It includes social media marketing, web marketing and email marketing (CHAFFEY, 2008 pp. 97-121). In addition, Internet marketing (online advertising) becomes effective when combined with other types of advertising like newspapers, television, radio, and magazine. Digital marketing is marketing that uses digital electronic gadgets such as tablets, cell phones, personal computers and smartphones to promote or market goods and services for smooth engagement with shareholders (SIEGEL, 2004 pp. 173-194). Platforms such as e-mail, websites and, and social networks are of importance to digital marketing. E- Commerce only involves the buying and selling of goods using electronic means. It also defines the exchange of properties and amenities or relocation of belongings or information, completed by electrical system, principally the Internet. It fascinates knowledge resembling to automated data interchange, internet promotion, program information assortment systems, catalog administration arrangements and stock series (SIEGEL, 2004 pp. 173-194). E-business involves selling products online while handling other company’s operations offline.It entails the use of informatics and statement mechanisms in the management of trade accomplishments. It prominence on the habit of ICT to enable quicker businesses that assistance companies handle the impediments of international business situations. It encompasses improvements in extranets and intranets. Internet marketing combines the technical and innovative feature of internet plus web-designing,

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs - Assignment Example Shank’s old boss failed to meet the safety need as they were told that â€Å"you are just another number†¦Ã¢â‚¬  There was no love or belongingness and the question of self-esteem and self-actualization does not arise in these circumstances. The needs could not be met because the boss did not value his employees, did not recognize their efforts and contribution to the company. The self-esteem of the employees in the process was at its lowest. Low self-esteem can inhibit creativity, interpersonal relations, hinder performance and conflict resolution. Focusing on employee needs is essential to motivate and sustain the motivation of the employees. Maslow clarifies that satisfied needs are not motivators. When the higher order needs take over they serve as the motivating force. Thus, an organization can meet the missing needs in several ways. People need to feel connected with the top management and not feel alienated. Thus regular interactions between the management and the employees make them feel valued. A few words of recognition publicly reinforce the self-esteem of an individual and this can be a great motivator. The employees should feel that they can approach the management freely. Interest in the work or the store by the management is a great motivator for the employees because when they experience the excitement of the owners they too feel involved in their work. To err is human and employers should recognize this fact. Errors should be tolerated and as in the case of Southwest Airlines, errors should be considered a learning experience. A controlled approach can inhibit growth as it reduces initiatives. Hence an employee should be allowed to develop feelings of self-worth which provides intrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation is better than extrinsic motivation. When a person is aroused through a desire from within, the results are better.  

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Art - Essay Example No doubt I have always been influenced with magazine cover photos such as the one below. I have always thought that an ideal female should look just like what the cover photos and advert images preach to us, and nothing less. Moreover, these cover photos are always of celebrities and models, and as such, my perception has always been shaped to believe that any other female need to match the celebrity standards. This image not only influences the belief and behavior of individuals, but also defines the culture of today’s society, whereby an ideal human to be acceptable is given standards that must be achieved. The artist statement accompanying this photography is, â€Å"Great American Women†. This explicitly reveals how the current culture defines greatness of female women. For example, they have to be fashion superstar, modern women, and all these come with super-slim bodies. This image is very alluring and sends a message both to young girls and grown up women to strive to look like such celebs because those are the culturally acceptable standards in today’s society. In turn, people also choose to view these photographs in one perspective, that is, the influence on body standards such as extremely tiny waist and generally slim bodies. However, there are several negative impacts that the above image inflicts in the society, especially among the female population. For example, young girls grow up to believe that if they do not attain such body sizes than they are not worthy. Therefore, I am going to critique this image in terms of the negative effects that it generates in th e society such as preference for cosmetic surgery, objectification of women bodies with reference to sex sells and media exaggeration of celeb glamour and glitz. The image links women’s beauty to the cult of thinness whereby the current society emphasizes, not on the substance, but on the surface of human being, and thus social and economic

Development of the US economy over the Past 3 Years Essay Example for Free

Development of the US economy over the Past 3 Years Essay The American government has been successful in running its economy for the years 2005, 2006 and 2007 as shown in continuing productivity growth, the low level of inflation as well low interest rate. This paper therefore attempts to discuss or dramatize the success of the American Government been in running its Economy over the last three years. Since any success will have to be explained on what actions the American government has, this paper will therefore describe and evaluate the main macro economic policies used by the American government, if there is any, over the last three years. How successful is the American government in running its Economy over the last three years? The American government performed well in terms of GDP and other growth measures for the last three years starting from 2005 up to the third quarter of 2007. GPD growth was recorded to have an average of 3 ? % from 2005 up to first quarter of 2006. This slowed down a little starting from second quarter of 2006 (2 ? %) to first and second quarter of 2007 , but the third quarter of 2007 appeared to started showing higher increases at 3. 9%. In describing the state of the US economy, Poole said â€Å"†¦The U. S. economy is highly productive, profit-making opportunities abound, interest rates and inflation are both relatively low and stable. † The economy is however not without any challenges to face. Said challenge is not the business cycle but how the US economy will adjust on many fronts to the baby boom generation retirement but Poole believes that the U. S. laws and institutions will enable the country to face these challenges with a better deal of buoyancy than in some other countries that is facing or will be facing the demographic challenge sooner. Poole expressed an assurance that the U. S. economy is fundamentally sound. He cited the fact that surveys of business economists over the past few years regularly pointed to key sources of strength of US economy and these include â€Å"a dynamic and flexible labour market and a financial system that rewards innovation and risk-taking by channelling capital to its highest rates of return. † He explained that the US market-based economy will allow companies â€Å"the ability and the incentive to innovate and to adapt quickly to changes in relative demands for goods and services. Thus he observes that present managements responding promptly to various shocks that shock the economy and according to him this is a growing dynamism of the U. S. economy which be believes is satisfactorily illustrated by the rise in the economy’s rate of productivity growth that has began as early as 1995 and there is still no sign of let up even at present. One way to check economic performance is the level of inflation. Poole said, that inflation as measured by the all-items CPI called â€Å"headline CPI inflation† slowed from 3. 4 percent in 2005 to 2. percent in 2006, while the inflation rate measured by the PCE (core inflation, which excludes food and energy prices) price index rose slowed from 2. 9 percent to 2. 3 percent over the same period. The decline of inflation in 2006 could only indicate remarkable effect of the monetary policy. Poole explained that the restraint of headline inflation is undeniably an indication of the sharp decline in energy prices over the second half of 2006. He added that most economists believe that core inflation is a better measure of inflation pressures. He also explained that that slight increase in the core PCE price index from 2. percent in 2005 to 2. 2 percent in 2006, and the core CPI index increase more, from 2. 2 to 2. 6 percent was negative indication. However, the core price pressures have been easing out lately which was an indication of a momentum that is headed to a favourable direction. What are the economic policies used by the American Government in managing the economy? The main macro economic policies used by the American government over the last three years include the use of its monetary policies. The use of monetary policy is evident in Federal Reserve Bank having raised its target for the federal funds rate from 1 percent in 2004 to 5? ercent in June of 2006 and is still maintained at present. It was the US monetary policy actions that have kept inflation largely, although not perfectly in check. Monetary policies involved the actions done by the Federal Reserve Bank to control money supply for purposing of managing inflation and necessarily GDP growth. Thus Poole believes that such monetary policy likely had something to do with the timing of slower GDP growth. He emphasized that the timing of slower GDP growth was the inevitable result of falling margin of underutilized resources. He admits however of other factors that is causing the slowdown starting in second quarter of 2006 which he felt as independent of monetary policy. One was the sharp increase energy prices, which showed improvement in the middle of 2006 while the other was considerable weakness in housing markets, which Poole believed may just now be giving off very tentative signal of the need to stop as has reached the bottom . In relation to the use of monetary policy to the US economy, Poole suggested three remarkable facts that deserve attention. He identified the first by saying that the real GDP growth, though sluggish in prior years has become robust starting in 2003, which may now have contributed a present low unemployment rate of 4. 6 percent. Another is that fact long-term inflation expectations were hardly shifted, while the third is the fact of quarterly average yield on 10-year nominal Treasury securities that was actually slightly lower than it was in mid 2002. Thus Poole is justifying that, â€Å"the economy has performed well despite a near tripling of crude oil prices since December 2001. He also pointed about the issue of present energy price increase. The first one is of course attributing, the increase in price â€Å"a consequence of a booming world economy, which raised energy demand rather than a supply shock; while the second one is attributing to monetary policies in the US and in most other countries have their jobs well of securing inflation expectations. † Despite a decline in growth in 2006 as compared to 2005, Poole found still further proof to the latest data on stable performance of the US economy. Poole, said, â€Å"†¦Particularly noteworthy was the larger-than-expected increase in real GDP during the fourth quarter of 2006. Following relatively anaemic rates of growth in the second and third quarters of 2006, growth of real GDP during the fourth quarter picked up nicely, rising to a 3. 5 percent annual rate. † Will the decline in the some of the measurable variable prove a failure of the monetary policy of the company? Poole cited two other aspects of the GDP report which were less favourable than the overall report. First, there was recorded slight decline in the business fixed investment during the fourth quarter of 2006. He interpreted that that the decline was nothing more than normal variation, as may be perhaps a consequence on the part of firms that were waiting for release of the new Vista operating system from Microsoft. To support his position, he explained that over the four quarters of 2006, a 6. 8 percent in non-residential fixed investment rose was recorded and one could readily appreciate that a healthy and expected increase given that the economy has continued to absorb excess capacity. This he even believe on the positive figures forecast for the economy that will â€Å"perhaps produce better than expected results. He however warned that â€Å"the extension of the fourth quarter weakness in business capital outlays going forward certainly would be a cause for concern. † The second noticeable aspect of the GDP report that was the nearly twenty percent rate of decline in residential fixed investment. He narrated that the decline began in the second quarter and was followed by a greater decline in each of the subsequent quarter. Thus he explained that as a normal result, the sharp decline in private housing starts and sales must have cause a significant pull on real GDP growth in 2006. Thus the second half of 2006, showed the contribution to real GDP growth from real residential fixed investment to have averaged about negative percentage points. This would prompt then the explanation for the slowing down in 2006 on why monetary policy was not applied to address the problem. Poole, explained that the Year 2006 was a hard situation for homebuilders as compared to 2005. He explained that following a record-setting rate of 1. 7 million units that have started in 2005, he noted that single-family started to fall to 1. 5 million units in 2006. He explained that the this average showed a comparatively large number of starts during the first half of the year which was followed by a much lower level of starts during the second half of 2006. This he noted December 2006- single-family starts which were approximately 16. 5 percent below annual average. In comparison, Poole cited the consensus of the Blue Chip forecasters made in December 2005 that real residential fixed investment would decrease by only about 1. 4 percent in 2006, using annual average data, but the actual the decline was about 4 ¼ percent. The rate fourth quarter as of 2006 is therefore obviously steeper, than the fourth quarter of 2005 to the fourth quarter of 2006. It may thus be observed that the slowing down of growth starting in the second quarter of 2006 may be attributed to the continued fall on sale of housing although presently there are already signs of recovery. But since the third quarter of 2007 has even exceeded even the average of growth rate prior to slight decline in second quarter of 2006, it may be argued that the problem of housing has eased out already. It may be concluded that the American government has been successful in running its Economy over the last three years in terms of GDP and controlled level of inflation and the lower interest rate. The main macro economic policies used by the American government over the last three years include mainly the use of its monetary policies through the Federal Reserve Bank of the US by raising interest rate a little in order to control inflation. Since it was able to do its part in controlling prices via inflationary measures the US Government through the Federal Reserve has done well it function of managing the economy.