Business decision making Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business dynamic - Assignment Example Dynamic procedure is an extremely critical capacity to any organization that must achieve accomplishment in the market. It specifies the regions that the organization can undoubtedly infiltrate in the market without tremendous incurrence on costs and any looming dangers. Information assortment is the methodology that wills open entryways for such an organization to settle on a sufficient choice from the examination they show up at according to the information portions (Carroll, 2008). In this paper is specified that information examination is a huge group which each organization should embrace. The report spins around a style industry selling design garments, shoes, pants and other related design segments whose fundamental objective is the adolescent age. It has a test since the young people are elements in their wants, this call for steady survey of its items to satisfy the need of its market portion. A gathering containing 20 young people is tested from Coventry locale who are met on a significant market patterns about design and their interpretation of how style impacts the advancement of new items in the market. Their inclusion in the progressions is the key factor that is thought of (Bazerman& Moore, 2013). Choices add up to the most noteworthy parts to business in the market paying little mind to its present position. For a business to begin it must include dynamic procedures and developing business should consistently apply various choices for its development purposes, in any case development and start-up will never be met. An agglomeration of components must be contemplated on the specific field of the organization. An organization should pose such inquiries like what is my market size. What is the market pattern? Who are my customers? What is the market discernment? Among other basic inquiries which will drive the organization to attempt appropriate advances. Quality, amount, area, size and other basic attributes are impacted by the choices made by the executives in an organization (Teale,

Need to write a paper on a Role - Play assignment Essay

Need to compose a paper on a Role - Play task - Essay Example Also, I suggest for a foundation of a focal wellspring of intensity and data. This will stop the current numerous solicitations for comparative data (Ramos 26). If Torres handles this assignment, coordination will establish a tone for quality work in the chamber. With respect to third objection of the inability to fulfill time constraints and going to gatherings, I recommend that the representatives submit recorded as a hard copy on what is anticipated from them at explicit courses of events. Hardened punishments, for example, alerts and excusal letters must be put on representatives who neglect to meet the prerequisites of the administration. This will guarantee that the staff individuals follow with the time set for the morning gatherings and all the cutoff times set notwithstanding their earnestness. Fourthly, the administration should make it understood to the workers on who Torres is in the organization and that she ought to be given all the regard that she merits paying little heed to her sex and racial connection. In order to lessen the odds that the new representatives are backstabbing to Torres, I recommend that they report to her every morning and night with plainly composed advancement on their work. Close by their composed introductions, the new specialists should likewise guarantee that they additionally get reactions from the old staff on how the organization has been running preceding their coming in and what they ought to imitate from them. This move will permit the new staff move with the pace set by Torres before their agreement with the organization. In the event that this administration plan is actualized, it is normal that the city chamber will have another look that will drive the representatives towards fulfilling the normal needs of the administration, and the administration driving the gathering true to form. This arrangement will likewise lessen any types of inclination that may exist in the organization as sexual just as racial

Homosexual Parents: The Ongoing Struggle For A Family Essay -- gay marr

The Ongoing Struggle for a Family The most significant thing in a family is that all the individuals in it love each other.† This selection is from a children’s book, composed by Leslea Newman, Called â€Å"Heather Has Two Mommies.† This story is planned to show kids that not everyone’s family is the same. Numerous reasons are given to question gay and lesbian child rearing yet completely established on a portion of the obsolete convictions that Hitler used to murder gay people during W.W.II, dread and bias! Despite the fact that having youngsters and being guardians appears to be a fundamental human right or decision, numerous individuals accept that the administration ought to have the position to segregate who can are can't have kids, paying little heed to their child rearing aptitudes.      Some state that it is unnatural for gay and lesbians to have youngsters since they need to go to such boundaries to have them (Oppos ..199). It is somewhat amusing in light of the fact that it has become standard for hetero couples that are resolved barren to utilize manual semen injection, appropriation, and even invitro-treatment, and when one of these techniques is fruitful the couple is said to have had a supernatural occurrence, while the gay or lesbian couple is said to be over the top. Lesbian couples may utilize sperm banks, or they may turn into coparents with a gay couple that likewise wishes to have youngsters. In these cases the youngster has 4 adoring and supporting guardians rather than the standard 2.      Another restricting perspective is...

The 5-Minute Rule for 100 Argumentative Essay Topics with Samples

The 5-Minute Rule for 100 Argumentative Essay Topics with Samples The Tried and True Method for 100 Argumentative Essay Topics with Samples in Step by Step Detail Even today exists a group of folks who believe that essay writing is the simplest aspect of any educational program and that which you have to do there, is to just go on writing whatever and wherever you really feel like writing whatever comes in your mind. At length, towards the conclusion of your conclusion, you might reflect on the way the essay compares to something else such as modern occasions or the future. In any event, your essay is going to have the exact same standard format and structure. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. The introduction is composed of a catchy sentence which acts as a hook. English language classes usually want a lot of writing. Strong language and robust evidence are expected to make the readers agree on what's being said by the writer in the whole essay. The Lost Secret of 100 Argumentative Essay Topics with Samples Since you may see, the process is everywhere the same. It is essential that you read the prompt carefully and determine both the focus of the question and the purpose of view from which you're expected to write. React to every question in as much detail as possible. The choice of the topic ought to be based on your interest because it's essential that you maintain your interest throughout the technology essays writing. Businesses that provide communication essay services should have a vibrant group of work force that's highly qualified in the majority of academic fields. In fact, a seasoned writer can do the job much faster than any student as they've been wr iting academic assignments during their entire life. The dearth of fantastic support sources will result essay a decrease grade. Even if you're a specialist in a particular field, don't be afraid to use and cite external sources. As an example, let's say if you're writing about language history essay than you are going to have to incorporate all of the information regarding the history language on earth no matter any specific region while in specific language history essay, you would speak about history of the language of a certain region. Life today is regulated by the offshoots of science. Business people are using social media sites to construct their careers, promote their organization and grow their reputations. 100 Argumentative Essay Topics with Samples at a Glance The very first portion of making this kind of argument is usually establishing that we have a tendency to care about and sympathize with different humans. Explain every reason behind your position on the opinion and confirm why it's true and have to be kept up. In order to prove that your claim is correct, you may have to construct your argument in steps. The issue is that it is tough to find evidence for the presence of mind-independ ent ethical obligations. 100 Argumentative Essay Topics with Samples for Dummies The principal idea of your entire essay is going to be your thesis statement. Most of the folks have a tendency to run away from politics and thus the politics essays also, therefore it is quite important to grab the eye of the readers till the conclusion of the essay and that would be much difficult I know. Last word of advice is to ask your teacher before the last decision about the subject selection for argumentative essays. Following are a few of the suggested sociology essay topic for those students that are unable to decide on a great topic for their assignment. They are not able to come up with a good piece of prejudice essays, not because they can't write essays but probably because of the fact that they are not able to develop good titles for essays on prejudice. Consequently, they can come up with different thesis for different themes to write essays on hamlet.

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The Italian Renaissance Essay - 772 Words

The Italian Renaissance Throughout history many art movements have emerged that artists and styles are classified under. One large contributing movement over the time period from about 1450 to about 1600 was known as the Italian Renaissance. However, what a large portion of people do not realize is that the Italian Renaissance was actually two main movements during that period of time. Each movement had key artists and a variation in style from the other movements. These two movements in the Italian Renaissance have been named the Early and High Renaissance. The Early Renaissance which took place from c.1450 to c.1495. During this period three key artist emerged from the group these being Sandro Botticelli and Donatello.†¦show more content†¦The next stage if the Italian Renaissance came to be known as the High Renaissance. During this period three artists came to the forefront. Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael each of these artists had there own style however each where conside red now to be some of the best artists ever known to man. Leonardo da Vinci a man that rings a bell in almost any persons head when said is best known for the Mona Lisa. The version that we know however is one that Leonardo changed from a portrait from an icon of status to the known representation of a person fully engaged with the viewer. Leonardo uses a sfumato style, which blends both light and dark to create a uniform distribution. Leonardo is also known for his interpretation of The Last Supper. He takes the approach of choosing the moment after Christ announces that one of his disciples has betrayed him. Leonardo put in his painting how he feels the disciples will react. Leonardo took a new approach to almost everything he did and that is why he was one of the three for runners of the High Renaissance period. Michelangelo was a man with great talent that did not stick to a given genre. Michelangelo did painting, architecture and sculpture. The painting, which he is best known for, is Last Judgement; created displeasure because it wasShow MoreRelatedThe Italian Renaissance And The Renaissance1424 Words   |  6 PagesThe Italian Renaissance was an explosion of art, writing, and thought, that roughly lasted between 1300 to 1600. In this time each citizen, countrymen, or villager had and performed different jobs and careers. Humanism the study of Greek and Roman writings, art, and architecture, initially jump started the Renaissance, and the need for art. Artists now were inspired to use life like art and linear perspective, so art seemed and was more realistic. The start of the Italian Renaissance was theRead MoreThe Italian Renaissance And The Renaissance1158 Words   |  5 PagesThe Renaissance period is known for the revival of the classical art and intellect born in ancient Greece and Rome. The Renaissance is also a time that is marked by growth, exploration, and rebirth. The Italian Renaissance started in Florence and progressively ma de its way into Venice and then into the great city of Rome. During the Renaissance, Rome was home to some of the renowned works of art and the finest architectural masterpieces in the world - too many that still holds true today. Along withRead MoreImpact Of The Italian Renaissance1387 Words   |  6 Pagesdisappearance of the Roman Empire, the Italian Renaissance was introduced to the European culture. The Italian Renaissance was the revival of the Greek and Roman cultures in forms of art, education, and literature. The Renaissance originally began in Florence, Italy during the time of 14 A.D and eventually began to expand throughout western and northern Europe in 15 A.D. The rebirthing of these ancient cultures brought much awareness and knowledge to the Italian society and resulted in change in theirRead MoreCharacteristics Of The Italian Renaissance1299 Words   |  6 Pagesof the Italian Renaissance Renaissance means rebirth in the French language, the renaissance happened between the fifteenth century and sixteenth century. Beginning in Italy, the Renaissance was an era that rediscovered the culture of ancient Greece and Rome in the fourteenth century and witnessed a continuation of the economic, political, and social trends. Jacob Burck-hardt, a swiss historian and art critic, created the Renaissance in his celebrated book The Civilization of the Renaissance in ItalyRead More the arts in Italian Renaissance Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pages The Italian Renaissance was a very difficult time period in European history. The arts were flourishing, while the city-states in Italy fought bloody battles with each other and within themselves. Bribery and murder were not uncommon tools for men to use when they wanted power. Meanwhile those same rulers patronized the arts a great deal and they would commission the best artistic minds of the time to build, design and paint their palaces and churches and later on their own portraits andRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Northern and Italian Renaissance807 Words   |  4 PagesItalian High Renaissance artists achieved ideal of harmony and balance comparable with the works of ancient Greece or Rome. Renaissance Classicism was a form of art that removed the extraneous detail and showed the world as it was. Forms, colors and proportions, light and shade effects, spatial harmony, composition, perspective, anatomy - all are handled with total control and a level of accomplishment for which there are no real precedents. Leonardo da Vinci was a Florentine artist, one of theRead MoreEssay about Italian and Northern European Renaissance758 Words   |  4 PagesItalian and Northern European Renaissance The Italian and Northern Europe Renaissances were both an important mark in history by changing the ideals of life, thought, culture, and art of the people’s of this time. In this paper I will explain the motive for change in these cultures, including the similarities and differences of the two cultures. The Italian and Northern European Renaissance was the marking point for leaving behind the old ways and moving into the more classicalRead MoreThe Act of Sodomy in Florence during the Italian Renaissance1839 Words   |  7 PagesThe Act of Sodomy in Florence During the Italian Renaissance During the Italian Renaissance, the sexual environment of fifteenth-century Florentine society is described as Florentine men partaking in some kind of same-sex experience. These same-sex acts were not just wrong doings, but a fundamental part of Florentine masculine identity. More specifically I will focus on sodomy, the act of anal or oral sex, which can be heterosexual or homosexual. What I will be analyzing in this paper is the termRead MoreIndependent Women Courtesans in the Italian Renaissance Essay2465 Words   |  10 PagesIndependent Women Courtesans in the Italian Renaissance Prostitution is normally thought of as anyone who sells his or her body for money. In this century, no distinction is put on the class level of the prostitute or on how much or how little he or she earns, they are still considered just a common prostitute. This was not true of 16th century Italy, though. In this age, prostitution was a legal business and class lines were of great importance. At the top of this list were the honestRead MoreThe Annunciation Explored through the Era of Italian Renaissance2314 Words   |  10 PagesChristian iconography. This essay will explore the depiction of the Annunciation and symbolism in the period of the Italian Renaissance and pay particular attention towards the development of the focus on spiritualism towards naturalism through the refined language of expression and gesture from the 14th century to the late 15th century. As a student of Duccio di Buoninsegna who was an Italian artist and actively worked in the city of Siena, Tuscany, Simone Martinis most famous painting The Annunciation

Article Review for Scientific Method in Sociology- myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theArticle Review for Scientific Method in Sociology. Answer: The article Why Be Queer? by author Barry D. Adam is a powerful narrating enumerating in detail social intolerance towards homosexuality, marking it as a pathological disease and mental illness. In the process of narrating about the suppression of natural homosexual tendencies, the article touches upon topic which are pertinent to any student taking active interest in social structure, state and church autocracy, the development of social institutions to curb and criminalize homosexuality, gay and lesbianism, and gender policing. The article has a compact structure which not only strives to humanize homosexuality and lesbian relationship but provides the reader with a very interesting and personal perspective on gender fluidity. As a consequence the paper shows the sheer cruelty and absurdity that lie underneath the facade of criminalizing homosexuality, labelling it as a taboo. In the concluding paragraph, the author questions how bar it is possible to assign roles to genders and th e possible outcomes of gender dictatorship. It leaves quintessential questions regarding our own conformity to gender roles and the restrictiveness that it henceforth brings. After reading the entire paper it becomes apparent how western countries have not only prohibited homosexuality but has assigned and confirmed job roles to specific gender. This is quite a violation of peoples personal preferences and aspirations. In this way the author has documented the serious implications of such gender biasness that has even taken a concrete shape in schools and families, thereby taking possession of the psychological landscape of children bullying others who do not fall into the demarcated category of gender roles. Adams has also included in the paper a number of previous research paper s dealing with the social implications of gender policing which is a result of homophobia that is inherent in society. Many research papers have written in detail how gender policing has evidently worsened male pupils academic performance making them more engaged in male-centric activities bordering on violence. The author makes it apparent how in this way the core concept and ideas regarding the mannerisms of cis men and women have perpetuated in the society. It brings to the forefront how even parents of western countries tend to normalize the behaviour due to the ideas and fear surrounding homosexuality, deep-rooted into their minds. The victims, according to the paper mentioned in the essay, is not merely the homosexual people but the entire society, who are forced to act stepping beyond their comfort zones. The book Sociology, A Brief Introduction, written by Schaefer, also discusses how far the idea of str ict gender identity has penetrated into the society. School going male population are constantly under the burden of aligning oneself to the established norms of the society. The book talks about social imagination which allows an individual to visualize the world through a different lens. As a result of this stereotyped gender identity that social institutions like church, school and law has constructed, isolation has taken over individuals. As estimated by WHO more than a million number of people fall victim to suicide due to social oppression and isolationmembers (Schaefer 2008: 8). Durkheim has concluded that one of the primary reasons of growing number of suicide rates is due to the failure of integrating oneself within the accepted social circle. The article clearly states how state has spread homophobia in order to ensure the entire population is functioning according to the role stipulated by orthodox churches and rigorous religious practices. It is almost like living in a p rison where religious authorities getter the upper hand in deciding about peoples sexual preferences and orientation. Adams has made a careful observation on how this tenets have restricted peoples natural behavior and desires. Max Weber has observed how absurd it to impose restrictions on peoples behaviour and wants as there cannot exist a clear definition of social behavior which has only be assessed completely by determining the actions that lie behind such behavioral patterns. Therefore, the absurd way of imposing or deciding sexuality, spread and constant checking of homophobia can only separate the society into minority and majority groups. It will increase the number of persecution of the members of society because of their sexual orientation. The article has opened the discussion for how people prepare masks in order to get socially accepted, the formation of dual identities or double consciousness where the individuals identity gets divided into several sections in order to live up to the expectations of the society or his/her family members (Schaefer 2008: 50). The social theorist DuBois and his followers questioned social order and norms. The book states how gender role has given birth to absurdities starting from the birth of a child which is nothing short of suppression and racism. It makes the child imbibe ideas to act in a specific gender-oriented manner so as not to attract the scorn and contempt of family and friends. The research methods used by the authors Schaefer and Barry D. Adam in the study are mostly scientific method in order to comprehend society and the major drawbacks. Sociologists need to analyze human behavior and modes of interaction and therefore the usage of scientific method is most suitable (Ellwood 1931: 20). It answered a number of questions important to the study, peoples notion of gender identity. With scientific research methods the author has given viable answers to a number of important social questions therefore forming a pattern for better understanding of the society. The paper by author Adams has used historical research method by which the author has carefully studied the events and processes of the past social order which has helped the readers in a better understanding of the concept of homophobia and its immediate consequences on the society. This has helped in the interlinking of past and present social changes, the origin and development of homosexual relationsh ip, the gradual worsening of the scenario by church authorities and law and finally criminalizing it. The happenings of past and their study are therefore is equally necessary in understanding the present changes. Furthermore, the research method has also made it possible for the readers to understand that society is a product of time and evolution and an understanding of the present will be incomplete without the past. The key findings presented by the author Adams in his paper are how homo-erotic relationships are shaped and developed according to the elements of the given society. How the western country has perverted the concept of homosexual relationship which was previously practiced in a full-fledged manner even by the minority section of the society. It is evident that the taboo associated with gay and lesbian relationship is a product of excessive church authority and enforcement of their views on the individuals. The study also points out these kinds of relationships were prevalent in mythology and in indigenous societies. Gender fluidity was more apparent then, that it is in the modern times. Readers come to the conclusion that deliberate gender stereotyping thwart men and women from practicing their own choices and decisions in their own lives, deprives children of their innocence and childhood. Homophobia gives rise to sexism and marginalizes the LGBT community. It even prevents women f rom certain jobs and unjustifiably persecutes people with homosexual tendencies. The book Sociology A Brief Introduction expands on the suppression of women which is a direct consequence of homophobia and assigning of gender roles, which can be explore further by students who are interested in womens studiesthat has been talked about in Why Be Queer?. The female population is subjugated by being set under numerous expectations regarding their choices especially of sexual partners therefore resulting in female self-injury. The article is an interesting read on misogynistic society and its burden on the women and LGBT population. Reference List: Ellwood, C. A. (1931). Scientific method in sociology.Social Forces,10(1), 15-21. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/3006109 Geist, C., Reynolds, M. M., Gaytn, M. S. (2017). Unfinished Business: Disentangling Sex, Gender, and Sexuality in Sociological Research on Gender Stratification.Sociology Compass,11(4). doi/full/10.1111/soc4.12470 Gilman, C. P. (2017).WOMEN ECONOMICS: A Study of the Economic Relation between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Evolution: From the famous American feminist, social reformer, sociologist and the author of The Yellow Wallpaper and Herland. 1st Edn, pp 189-200, Musaicum Books. Haines, E. L., Deaux, K., Lofaro, N. (2016). The times they are a-changing or are they not? A comparison of gender stereotypes, 19832014.Psychology of Women Quarterly,40(3), 353-363. agepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0361684316634081 Schaefer, R.T. (2008)Sociology: A Brief Introduction, 7th Edn, pp 44-372, McGraw-Hill.

The Rave Subculture Essay Example For Students

The Rave Subculture Essay I walked into the dark room after paying the ten-dollar cover charge. The music was what I noticed first. It was very loud and made a ring linger in my ears. The music was house music, also known as techno or electronic music. The next thing I noticed was the people. The majority of them were young adults, anywhere from their late teens to early 20s. It wasnt the people I noticed so much, but how they were behaving. Most of them were dancing, but not just your typical dancing that you would see in most dance clubs. People were very close together and there was a lot of physical, euphoric interaction between them. They were dancing to the beat, almost together as one. Also moving the groove of the music were many lights of all different colors. Most people were dancing with glowsticks as well as other various kinds of lights. It was clear to me right away that the majority of the people inside the room were not sober but were under some kind of influence. I had walked into the world o f the rave. We will write a custom essay on The Rave Subculture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It was a Saturday night in Jacksonville, Florida. I was at a club in the Downtown area called 618. It opens at 10 p.m., a time when most other places are getting ready to close. The patrons there however, were just getting their night started. I walked around the club, observing as I walked. I saw people hugging a lot, giving each other massages or giving each other light shows. I asked a girl what the light show was for. Her name was Sara and she replied, ?The lights look really cool when youre rolling.? Rolling is term most ravers use when are on the popular club drug ecstasy. Sara was 19 and dressed like a lot of the ravers I saw there. Loose shirts and baggy pants. She had jewelry on that looked almost like childrens jewelry. She said kids there who wore that kind of apparel were called ?candie ravers? or ?candie kids?. Ecstasy pills are made of a compound called methylenedioxymethamphetamine, or MDMA. Its an old drug: Germany issued the patent for it in 1914 to the German company, E. Merck. Its chemists thought it could be a promising intermediary substance that might be used to help develop more advanced therapeutic drugs. It was not successful however and disappeared until 1953. Thats when the U.S. Army funded an animal study of eight drugs, including MDMA. They were trying to find a lethal drug for use on soldiers during the cold war. They did not find it to be as toxic as they had hoped however and MDMA was forgotten once again. It wasnt until 1985 that it was outlawed and made a Class I substance, in the same category as heroin or LSD. By then, college-age people in Europe and India were taking the drug to enhance rave parties, where thousands of people danced to loud techno music. As years went by, MDMA got more and more popular, especially among users in their late teens and early 20s. The drug sells for $20 to $30 today in the United States. People who have taken the drug say the experience is a several-hour intense journey. All five senses are heightened. Its not uncommon for people to massage, touch and hug one another while ?rolling? to increase the pleasure. Some say it makes them happy and energetic. Others say MDMA releases their ?true selves?. I asked Sara how long she had been rolling and why she did it. ?I dropped my first pill around the middle of 1998. That first time was so awesome. It was like a whole new world that Id never seen. Everything around you is just a hundred times better than when you are sober. The air you breathe feels good, just to breathe it. Your skin is really sensitive to touch. And it feels so good just to hug people because you just feel like you have to. Its like everyone here is a family and we are unified.? Then Sara reached over to me, grabbed me and gave me a very embracing hug. It caught me off guard and surprised me. She looked at me and said, ?I just had to hug you, because everyone here needs a hug, they need to fill the love. This place, this feeling, its like being in heaven.?Another raver I talked to had quite a different perspective about raving. His name was Eric, a 21-year-old student. For him, raves are ?all about the music.? Says Eric: ?Real party kids dont do drugs. We go to dan ce and to have a good time. A lot of people dont understand it, but the guitar thing has been done. Electronic music is all I listen to. It beats my heart.?The popular DJ, Josh Wink, was at 618 the particular night I was there. He spins ?Hard House? music, that is house music with hard and continuous beats. The music is produced with two turntables and vinyl records. The DJ is said to be a ?mixing artist.? Blending popular songs together, making them one, is part of what drives fans to dance their hearts out. .u29174faddba191500831db3a0ee208e4 , .u29174faddba191500831db3a0ee208e4 .postImageUrl , .u29174faddba191500831db3a0ee208e4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u29174faddba191500831db3a0ee208e4 , .u29174faddba191500831db3a0ee208e4:hover , .u29174faddba191500831db3a0ee208e4:visited , .u29174faddba191500831db3a0ee208e4:active { border:0!important; } .u29174faddba191500831db3a0ee208e4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u29174faddba191500831db3a0ee208e4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u29174faddba191500831db3a0ee208e4:active , .u29174faddba191500831db3a0ee208e4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u29174faddba191500831db3a0ee208e4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u29174faddba191500831db3a0ee208e4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u29174faddba191500831db3a0ee208e4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u29174faddba191500831db3a0ee208e4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u29174faddba191500831db3a0ee208e4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u29174faddba191500831db3a0ee208e4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u29174faddba191500831db3a0ee208e4 .u29174faddba191500831db3a0ee208e4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u29174faddba191500831db3a0ee208e4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Stem cell research EssayAfter hearing these different opinions, I decided to inquire as to whether most ravers thought raving was about the drugs or the music. I talked to one girl I saw dancing on the dance floor who wished to be known as Butterfly. She is an 18-year-old girl in her senior year in high school. She appeared to be rolling judging by her body language and she told me that she indeed was. I asked her if she thought raving was about feeling good and the drugs or was it about the music. ?When I first got into raving, I went for the drugs. I didnt know anything about electronic music, and pretty much associated it with the crappy gino beats that I heard on the radio. I liked drugs though, and a friend of mine convinced me Id like E (Ecstasy). And I loved it! After a few parties though, I started to really enjoy the music. E, on the other hand, is not nearly as interesting to me as it once was. I still do the drugs, but not nearly as much as I used to. Im definitely more concerned with who the DJ spinning is and than about the pills.?Another raver, Steven, had a very similar response to the same question. Steven, 23, replied, ?I w as introduced to Ecstasy by a friend and was annoyed by the music at first. But it didnt take long for me to connect to the music and to fall in love with it. I found myself listening to house music all of the time even when I wasnt rolling and thats still the same today. I still roll every now and then, but I never got into that part too much anyway. Sure I loved the feeling and still do, but I always have done it all in moderation, never doing it that often and never taking more than two pills in one night. I also fell in love with people and the scene too. Everyone is so friendly and happy. Yes, a lot of that has to do with the drugs, but my attitude has changed just in the year and a half I have been in the scene. So Id like to think that most of the other people might have changed the same way or in a similar way as I have. I will always remember the great times Ive had, the great people Ive met, and definitely the music that always keeps me higher than the drugs ever could.?Af ter hearing these responses and others like them, I came to the conclusion that there is no one answer to the question of whether raving is about the drugs or the music. However, the two are connected in some way most of the time. For a few people, the feeling of the drugs is what people strive to have. For others, it is the love of the music and the dancing. However for most people, it is the drugs definitely are a part of raving and whole rave culture, but the major emphasis is on the music. The drugs simply become something to enhance the music or to party to at certain times while the music is the real drive to rave. BibliographyBeverage, Eddie. 200 Beats Per Minute. Toronto: KeyPorter Books Limited, 1998. Cloud, John. ?The Lure of Ecstasy.? Time Magazine EuropeJuly 17, 2000. Vol. 156 No. 3. Fritz, Jimi. Rave Culture: An Insiders View. 1998. Jordan, Jason. Searching for the Perfect Beat. 1997. Rushkoff, Douglas. The Ecstasy Club. 1998. Anthropology

Free Essays on Achiles

War brings out the best and worst in mankind The very best and worst of humanity is brought out during times of war. Gen George S. Patton said once â€Å"Battle is the most magnificent competition in which a human being can indulge. It brings out all that is best; it removes all that is base.† (Patton, War as I knew it) These very statements are brought to life to us from our reading of the Iliad. The heroes of Homer’s tale exemplify some of the greatest human traits filial love, piety, loyalty, duty, and honor. It also shows us the wickedness of humanity, selfishness, greed, lust, avarice, and desecration. The Iliad brings all of this together in the story of the Trojan War and its villains and heroes. With Achilles and his quest for personal glory, Hector and his love of family and homeland, Agamemnon and his lust for domination. All of these characters set the stage for one of the world’s first epic tales. Achilles is the champion of the Greeks. He is the greatest warrior to ever live, blessed by the gods and born of an immortal mother. His very name strikes terror into the Trojans and hope into the hearts of the Greeks. Achilles dominated every engagement, but his pride and arrogance cost many lives including his best friend Patroclus. Achilles felt that the leader of the Greeks Agamemnon violated his personal honor. Agamemnon had taken Achilles woman away from him. Achilles prayed that the Greeks would need him in battle and that he would not offer assistance. His prayers were answered and many Greeks died. The Trojans were decisively defeating the Greeks till finally the other generals with King Agamemnon’s approval begged Achilles to return. They offered him wealth, honor and prizes above all others. Still Achilles pride would not allow him to relent his hatred for Agamemnon was too great. He relented to allowing his friend Patroclus to fight and wear his armor to help rall y the failing Greeks. The great Trojan Princ... Free Essays on Achiles Free Essays on Achiles War brings out the best and worst in mankind The very best and worst of humanity is brought out during times of war. Gen George S. Patton said once â€Å"Battle is the most magnificent competition in which a human being can indulge. It brings out all that is best; it removes all that is base.† (Patton, War as I knew it) These very statements are brought to life to us from our reading of the Iliad. The heroes of Homer’s tale exemplify some of the greatest human traits filial love, piety, loyalty, duty, and honor. It also shows us the wickedness of humanity, selfishness, greed, lust, avarice, and desecration. The Iliad brings all of this together in the story of the Trojan War and its villains and heroes. With Achilles and his quest for personal glory, Hector and his love of family and homeland, Agamemnon and his lust for domination. All of these characters set the stage for one of the world’s first epic tales. Achilles is the champion of the Greeks. He is the greatest warrior to ever live, blessed by the gods and born of an immortal mother. His very name strikes terror into the Trojans and hope into the hearts of the Greeks. Achilles dominated every engagement, but his pride and arrogance cost many lives including his best friend Patroclus. Achilles felt that the leader of the Greeks Agamemnon violated his personal honor. Agamemnon had taken Achilles woman away from him. Achilles prayed that the Greeks would need him in battle and that he would not offer assistance. His prayers were answered and many Greeks died. The Trojans were decisively defeating the Greeks till finally the other generals with King Agamemnon’s approval begged Achilles to return. They offered him wealth, honor and prizes above all others. Still Achilles pride would not allow him to relent his hatred for Agamemnon was too great. He relented to allowing his friend Patroclus to fight and wear his armor to help rall y the failing Greeks. The great Trojan Princ...

A critical analysis of the media's reporting of politics and the Essay

A critical analysis of the media's reporting of politics and the political process - Essay Example Powell (1990) says that it is ‘this form of connection that will determine our lives’. Thus, critical analysis of media’s reporting of politics and political process has become essential to evaluate its role in the changing dynamics of socio-political and economic paradigms of a nation. The various elements of political system vis-Ã  -vis changing dynamics of society, government, political parties, corporate world etc. have become vital ingredients of exploitation by the media. In the recent times, the role of media in the political campaign has come under lot of flak for myriad reasons (Bakir, 2006; Hall Jamieson & Waldmann, 2004; Patterson, 1980). While sometimes media exploits them for its own vested interests, other times it is exploited by the system, especially the political parties and politicians and the corporate world to garner support for their own political agenda (Kepplinger, 2007; Ridout & Mellen, 2007). The media, everywhere in the world, is a leading agency for projecting the ideologies and news to a huge target population or viewers. The larger the audience base, the more powerful it becomes. The media in its various format like television, radio and newspaper and magazine, basically has the main objective of informing the audience of the events and news that are taking place around the world or it may just be region-centric, depending whether it is targeting domestic or international market. In the early eighties, there were about 80 media houses which have now shrunk to only five. These are Time Warner, Walt Disney Company, Murdoch’s New Corporation, Viacom and Bertelsmann. This cartel of big five, control a lot more than media houses. Each of them has stake in all forms of mass media; be it radio and television, newspaper and publishing house or motion pictures. They have become strong

Custmer care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Custmer care - Essay Example The businesses who are struggling for improving their customer service are unable to consider and recognize the need and role of their own employees. The traditional form of approach to customer service through customer relationship management and automated workflows are not performing well as they are not considering the power their employees. Customer service can be transformed by the customer service organizations by empowering their employees. The employee empowerment can transform customer service providing benefits to business, customer and employee, the three stakeholders in customer relationship. Empowerment Empowerment is the process of granting greater responsibility to everyone who works for an organization. In literal sense, it denotes granting the power of making decisions. It is the process of authorizing or enabling an individual to behave, thinks, control work and take action and make decisions in autonomous ways. Empowering the members of an organization is a tremend ous motivational tool as it provides them the feeling that they are contributing to the organization by their own initiative and are improving the performance and achieving better results. The empowerment of employees plays a significant role in achieving superior customer service as they are the best in performing their jobs (Mabey, Skinner and Clark, 1998, pp.42-43). Ways of empowerment The empowerment can be fostered among the employees of an organization in the following manner: Creation of non-threatening environment The empowerment and creativity are defused by the traditional organizations using power and micro management. Creativity and empowerment should flourish in the organization by providing freedom to employees in respect of pursuing their interest and they should be supported and encouraged by the management. Resolving problems by employees The managers should not always provide answers to every problem; rather the employees should be guided to think critically for th emselves to resolve the issues. When employees will act on their own, it will result in better solutions because they will be the experts while performing their jobs and the manager might not have all the facts available with him. Allowing for mistakes Individuals and companies can grow and learn by making mistakes. The employees should be supported even after making mistakes. Learning is the most significant part that takes place within an organization. The employees should be encouraged to share information with the team. The individuals are not required to make mistakes to learn rather they can also learn from the mistakes of others. Respecting employee ideas or suggestions The ideas or suggestions of employees should never be ignored as one of these ideas may turn the company into a business of multi-million dollar. If an idea does not seem appropriate, the rationale should be discussed with the employee. This will not make the employee to feel ignored by the management. Develop ing each employee through projects Each employee should be made the team leader on a certain project which will provide them the confidence to grow and to be an excellent contributor within the company. Creating opportunities for advancement and development The excellent contributors are required to be felt valued. The additional work is

Guidelines for Proposal Write Up and Presentation Essay Example for Free

Guidelines for Proposal Write Up and Presentation Essay The proposal should be about 2-4 pages. The basic content can be as follows. 1.1 Executive Summary An Executive Summary, which provides a brief (about two paragraphs) overview of the proposed project. This is probably the most important section of your proposal, because it provides a clearly defined problem and proposed solution procedure, and a description of the expected project deliverables. The Executive Summary is often the only section of your proposal that some readers will read; and must present all the relevant information as clearly and effectively as possible. It is often the last thing to be written. 1.2 Goal The specific objectives of project. What are the defining features and benefits of this product? 1.3 Background and Motivation What are the needs or problems that you are trying to address? Why do these needs (still) exist? Why are these problems worth solving? Who is the customer? Write 2-4 paragraphs. -What is the setting and history behind this project? -What is the problem to be addressed? -What are some current approaches to this problem? -Why is this problem worth solving or worth solving better? -How will this product be better than previous approaches? 1.4  System Architecture and Approach This section identifies the approach that the team will use to meet the project objectives. You should explain here your principal tasks, their  duration, their sequence and their particular purposes. Wherever possible, the methods and task to be performed should be outlined in logical sequence and explained in detail. Do not assume the reviewer will fill in the gaps in your logic. A common way of identifying project milestones and due dates is to use a graphic representation of the task relationships, such as a Gantt Chart (a bar chart showing timeliness for each principal task) or a PERT/CPM Chart (a network representation of the project that shows the sequential relationship between project activities). The Solution Procedure should also describe the relevant instrumentation and facilities required to complete the research or product development. The Solution Procedure should include a budget that estimates the anticipated RD costs over the life of the project. Wherever possible , provide sufficient commentary on the budget to facilitate 1.5 Deliverables Briefly list project deliverables. When you are done, what will you deliver to the customer? 1.6 Team Organization (Optional) This section provides a summary of the groups qualifications for the project. Identify key personnel and describe directly related education and experience. Also include each members responsibility for the duration of the project. An organizational chart to identify the specific areas of responsibility of each team member may be appropriate. 1.7  Required Resources (Optional) The list of resources/help that you hope to get from the instructor. 1.8  Time Table Part of the proposal will be a proposed schedule. This time table will be used to evaluate and manage the project. Key assumptions that affect the plan should be documented here. The project plan should be updated throughout the life-time of the project. Examples at: http://readyset.tigris.org/nonav/templates/plan.html 2 2.1  Project Proposal Presentation  Length 10 to 15 minutes presentation + discussions afterwards, in total 25min each person. If you decide to use powerpoint, you should prepare for 10-15 pages of slides. 2.2 2.3 Motivation (the same as proposal write-up) Input/Output Define the task. Show some brief examples that will be produced by by your project. 2.4 System Architecture (the same as proposal write-up) If the project includes many components, you can select the most crucial parts to present. 2.5 2.6 Time Table (the same as proposal write-up) Implementation Details (optional) You could briefly talk about the approaches you are using, and why they fit into the task. 2.7 Preliminary Demo (optional) If you have some preliminary system done by your presentation date, show it to the class. 2.8 Summary and Closing Mark (optional) Briefly recaps the key points of the proposal. Summarize the current problem, the steps you propose to take to solve the problem, and the benefits to the client.

Dissociative identity disorder :: essays research papers

The growing recognition of psychiatric conditions resulting from traumatic influences is a significant mental health issue of the 1990s. Until recently considered rare and mysterious psychiatric curiosities, Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) (until very recently known as Multiple Personality Disorder - MPD) and other Dissociative Disorders (DD) are now understood to be fairly common effects of severe trauma in early childhood, most typically extreme, repeated physical, sexual, and/or emotional abuse. In 1994, with the publication of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV, Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) was changed to Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), reflecting changes in professional understanding of the disorder, which resulted largely from increased empirical research of trauma-based dissociative disorders. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), widely accepted as a major mental illness affecting 9-10% of the general population, is closely related to Dissociative Identity Disorder (MPD) and other Dissociative Disorders (DD). In fact, as many as 80-100% of people diagnosed with DID (MPD) also have a secondary diagnosis of PTSD. The personal and societal cost of trauma disorders [including DID (MPD), DD, and PTSD] is extremely high. For example, recent research suggests the risk of suicide attempts among people with trauma disorders may be even higher than among people who have major depression. In addition, there is evidence that people with trauma disorders have higher rates of alcoholism, chronic medical illnesses, and abusiveness in succeeding generations. What Is Dissociation? Dissociation is a mental process which produces a lack of connection in a person's thoughts, memories, feelings, actions, or sense of identity. During the period of time when a person is dissociating, certain information is not associated with other information as it normally would be. For example, during a traumatic experience, a person may dissociate the memory of the place and circumstances of the trauma from his ongoing memory, resulting in a temporary mental escape from the fear and pain of the trauma and, in some cases, a memory gap surrounding the experience. Because this process can produce changes in memory, people who frequently dissociate often find their senses of personal history and identity are affected. Most clinicians believe that dissociation exists on a continuum of severity. This continuum reflects a wide range of experiences and/or symptoms. At one end are mild dissociative experiences common to most people, such as daydreaming, highway hypnosis, or "getting lost" in a book or movie, all of which involve "losing touch" with conscious awareness of one's immediate surroundings. Dissociative identity disorder :: essays research papers The growing recognition of psychiatric conditions resulting from traumatic influences is a significant mental health issue of the 1990s. Until recently considered rare and mysterious psychiatric curiosities, Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) (until very recently known as Multiple Personality Disorder - MPD) and other Dissociative Disorders (DD) are now understood to be fairly common effects of severe trauma in early childhood, most typically extreme, repeated physical, sexual, and/or emotional abuse. In 1994, with the publication of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV, Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) was changed to Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), reflecting changes in professional understanding of the disorder, which resulted largely from increased empirical research of trauma-based dissociative disorders. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), widely accepted as a major mental illness affecting 9-10% of the general population, is closely related to Dissociative Identity Disorder (MPD) and other Dissociative Disorders (DD). In fact, as many as 80-100% of people diagnosed with DID (MPD) also have a secondary diagnosis of PTSD. The personal and societal cost of trauma disorders [including DID (MPD), DD, and PTSD] is extremely high. For example, recent research suggests the risk of suicide attempts among people with trauma disorders may be even higher than among people who have major depression. In addition, there is evidence that people with trauma disorders have higher rates of alcoholism, chronic medical illnesses, and abusiveness in succeeding generations. What Is Dissociation? Dissociation is a mental process which produces a lack of connection in a person's thoughts, memories, feelings, actions, or sense of identity. During the period of time when a person is dissociating, certain information is not associated with other information as it normally would be. For example, during a traumatic experience, a person may dissociate the memory of the place and circumstances of the trauma from his ongoing memory, resulting in a temporary mental escape from the fear and pain of the trauma and, in some cases, a memory gap surrounding the experience. Because this process can produce changes in memory, people who frequently dissociate often find their senses of personal history and identity are affected. Most clinicians believe that dissociation exists on a continuum of severity. This continuum reflects a wide range of experiences and/or symptoms. At one end are mild dissociative experiences common to most people, such as daydreaming, highway hypnosis, or "getting lost" in a book or movie, all of which involve "losing touch" with conscious awareness of one's immediate surroundings.

Project Planning

ISM 654 Case – DU Singer Hospital Products Corp. (Adapted from Meredith and Mantel) D. U. Singer Hospital Products Corp. has done sufficient new product development at the research and development level to estimate a high likelihood of technical success for a product of assured commercial success: A long-term antiseptic. Management has instructed Singer’s Antiseptic Division to make a market entry at the earliest possible time; they have requested a complete plan up to the startup of production.Project responsibility is assigned to the division’s research and development group; Mike Richards, the project scientist who developed the product is assigned responsibility for project management. Assistance will be required from other parts of the company: Packaging task force, R&D group, Corporate engineering, and Corporate purchasing. Mike was concerned about the scope of the project. He knew from his own experience that a final formula had yet to be developed, althou gh such development was really a â€Å"routine† function.The remaining questions had to do with color, odor, and consistency additives rather than any performance-related modification. Fortunately, the major regulatory issues had been resolved and he believed that submission of regulatory documentation would be followed by rapid approval as they already had a letter of approval contingent on final documentation. Mike was concerned about defining the project unambiguously. To that end, he obtained an interview with S. L. Mander, the group vice-president.When he asked Mander where his responsibility should end, the executive turned the question back to him. Mike had been prepared for this and said that he would like to regard his part of the project as done when the production process could be turned over to manufacturing. They agreed that according to Singer practice, this would be when the manufacturing operation could produce a 95% yield of product (fully packaged) at a leve l of 80% of the full production goal of 10 million liters per year. But I want you to remember,† said Mander, â€Å"that you must meet all current FDA, EPA, and OSHA regulations and you must be in compliance with our internal specification – the one I have got is dated September and is RD78/965. And you know that manufacturing now – quite rightly, I feel – insists on fully documented procedures. † After this discussion, Mike felt that he had enough information about this aspect to start to pin down what had to be done to achieve these results. His first step in this effort was to meet with P. H. Docent, the director of research. You are naive if you think that you can just start right in finalizing the formula,† said Docent. You must first develop a product rationale (a). This is a formally defined process according to company policy. Marketing expects inputs at this stage, manufacturing expects its voice heard, and you will have to have appro vals from every unit of the company that is involved. You should have no trouble if you do your homework, expect to spend a good eight weeks to get this done. † â€Å"That certainly stretches things out,† said Mike. I expected to take 12 weeks to develop the ingredient formula (b) and you know that I can’t start to establish product specifications (c ) until the formula is complete. That’s another 3 weeks. † â€Å"Yes, but while you are working on the product specifications you can get going on the regulatory documentation (d). Full internal specifications are not required for that work, but you can’t start those documents until the formula is complete. † â€Å"Yes, and I find it hard to believe that we can push through both preparation of documents and getting approval in 3 weeks, but Environmental swears it can be done. â€Å"Oh, it can be done in this case because of the preparatory work. Of course, I won’t say that this est imate of 3 weeks is as certain as our other estimates. All we need is a change of staff at the Agency and we are in trouble. But once you have both the specifications, and the approval, you can immediately start on developing the processing system (g). † â€Å"Yes, and how I wish we could get a lead on that, but the designers say that there is too much uncertainty and they won't move until they have both specifications and regulatory documentation and approval.They are offering pretty fast response; six weeks from start to finish for the processing system. † â€Å"They are a good crew, Mike. And of course, you know that you don't have to delay on starting the packaging segment of this project. You can start developing the packaging concept (e) just as soon as the product rationale has been developed. If my experience is any judge, it will take a full eight weeks; you'll have to work to keep the process from running forever. † â€Å"But as soon as that is finishe d we can start on the design of the package and its materials (f) which usually takes about six weeks.Once that is done we can start on the packaging system (h) which shouldn't take longer than eight weeks,† concluded Mike. At this point he realized that although Docent would have general knowledge, he needed to talk directly to the Director of Manufacturing. â€Å"The first step, which follows the completion of the development of processing and packaging systems,† said the Director of Manufacturing, â€Å"is to do a complete study of the facilities requirements (i). You won't be able to get that done in less than four weeks.And that must precede the preparation of the capital equipment list (j) which should take about three-quarters as long. Of course, as soon as both the process system and packaging system are completed, you could start on preparing the written manufacturing procedures (q). † â€Å"But, said Mike, â€Å"Can I really finish the procedures befo re I have installed and constructed the facilities (p)? † â€Å"No, quite right. What you can do is get the first phase done, but the last phase will have to wait for the installation and construction. â€Å"Then this means that I really have two phases for the writing, that which can be completed without the installation and construction (q), which will take seven weeks, and that which has to wait for those inputs (q? ) which will require 3 weeks. † â€Å"True. Now you realize that the last thing you have to do is to run the equipment in a pilot test  ® which will show that you have reached a satisfactory level? † â€Å"Yes. Since that must include debugging, I've estimated a six-week period as adequate. † The director of manufacturing assented. Mike continued, â€Å"What I'm not sure of is whether we can run all the installation tasks in parallel. â€Å"

Smoking Advertisements And Impact On Human Behavior Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4355 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Consumers future decision and firms advertisements to induce it, has long history. An investigation of the five possible decision choices, an individual face in the society where there are both pro- and anti- smoking advertisements are competing to provide the information about the costs and benefits of the change in the behavior of the individual toward their favor by working on the cycle of exposure, recognition, receptivity and agreement phases of advertisement. Health Belief Model indicates, individual change their decision by working on this four step cycle. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Smoking Advertisements And Impact On Human Behavior Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Hence there meant to be some association between this cycle and the future health related decision. Introduction Smoking is currently an issue that youth face nowadays; most of non-smokers are inspired from their surroundings and decide to start to smoke. This decision to smoke has included a lot of changing in the perceived impression about the cost of this behavior. Even though this perceived cost of smoking behavior is not directly measurable, it is only observable but still it is the part of information cloud that surrounds him. And the main suppliers of this information are advertisements. Hence in this era of advertisement the respondents have to decide about his options according to the information available, according to the context of consumer behavior, the amount of sales the product gets depend upon the exposure, recognition, receptivity and agreement the advertisement makes. (1) As these smoking related advertisements are of two types the advertisements that induce people to smoke (pro-smoking advertisements) and the advertisements that restricts the people to smoke (anti-smoking advertisements) both are forcing the individual to consider its health related behavior decision. In this case of health related decision making, model has been constructed to observe peoples decision about the health related behaviors, as a result of smoking advertisements. In this respect, the perceived threat and net benefits, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits and perceived barriers are analyzed. See for details, Schiffman and Kanuk (2007) This paper attempts to explain the decision making, of an individual which faces, when as a result of, pro and anti smoking advertisements through the mixture of both patterns explained above. It means that a person will commit to smoke if the exposure, recognition, receptivity and agreement created by the pro smoking advertisement are greater than the anti smoking advertisements. The models only are seen as the exposure and the frequency of delivered threats or benefits. The recognition can be seen as wh en the individual knows the content that is being delivered, the receptivity is the attachment of the individual to the product of service and the agreement is the views of the individual about the perceived benefits or perceived threats about the product or service. Straub et al. (2003) evaluated the work of pro and anti smoking advertisement effect using four point Likert scales about the decision of intention to smoke. For the evaluation of decision behavior can be done using multinomial logit model as used by Nguyen (2003). Schiffman (2007) stated that effect of exposure and recognition is diferent on different individuals. There can be individuals with high exposure with low associated agreement or vice-versa. It might have different effect on future intnention for different type of people. Hence not the frequency but effective frequency(2) is expected to have any or more association with the future intentions. Similarly, there are some sources that contain strong sign ificant agreemrnt, as compared to the other sources are expected to have some correlation with the future intentions; it can be called as source strenght(3). As this both parameters are giving weightage to the agreement that it is generating, hence they are expected to be independent from the individual difference. A survey is designed to generate the frequencses of messages seen and sources used for both pro and anti smoking advertisments and this is checked this assiciation with the future intentions to smoke. The precedings of the paper contains the review of the work of other scholars relaed to this issue, discription about the sampling procedure, variables their measuring mechanism and the methodology. The estimatied results that are obtained using quantitive measures, its reprsentation and intrepretation, limitations related to the research, colclusion of the paper with policy recommendation and the references of the realated and used articles are presented hereafter. Effective frequency is generated by the sum of number of times the massage is delivered and the quantified scale of agreement with it. Source Sternght is generated by alloting it the quantified agreement value of the message that it is delivering Economics of Smoking: Higher the cost of a behavior, the less people will do it, while the lower the cost, the more people will do if it. (4) The decision to smoke depends upon the amount of information about the cost and benefit of this habit. Hence the positive smoking advertisers are providing information that is reducing the perceived cost of the smoking where as the anti-smoking advertisements are providing information that is increasing the cost of this behavior. People who smoke or ought to smoke think to reap satisfaction from the consumption of cigarettes. An anti-smoking activist Scott Ballin asserts that There is no positive aspect to [smoking]. The product has no potential benefits. (5) Hence those who pay for to smoke are willing and paying for it due to the unreal reduced cost of the smoking habit. Whereas those who have not smoked due to anti-smoking advertisements, had perceived higher cost of this habit i.e. smoking. This cost can be termed as the loss or damage to health that the smoking behavior causes. Williams, Walter E. Economics and Smoking. A Minority View. March 14, 2007. https://www.gmu.edu/departments/economics/wew/articles/07/smoking.html. Lernieux, Pierre. The Economics of Smoking. June 28, 2000. https://www.econlib.org/library/Features/feature5.html. Secondly this analysis of advertisements as an analysis of change in human health related behavior can be useful for the suppliers of information (advertisers) about the effectiveness and dimensions of the resources spent on these advertisements. Similarly as Government is responsible of increasing the welfare of the public, then it must have to put justifiable effort to restrict its public to not to indulge in health damaging activities. The effectiveness of the sources applied by the advertisers is important to be analyzed so that if one of the source becomes ineffective the advertisers can focus on the alternate resources to make the target public to make decision in their favor (i .e. decide to smoke for the positive advertisers). Literature review Generally, the non smokers and individuals face some choices as the trend to smoke is very common and there is a lot of advertisement both positive and negative going on in the society. The choices can be like completely deciding to smoke or not to smoke. According to Hochbaum et al. (1950s), humans decision to change his habit about smoking goes through four stages i.e. exposure, recognition, receptivity and agreement. In this research the dependent variable is the humans decision to the advertisements and the independent variables are as stated above. Both pro and anti advertisers follow somewhat specific pattern. The empirical evidence of the health belief model (6) was given by Doroodian (1991). The demand of cigarette was decreased by the increased anti smoking exposure efforts by the government and health associations in 1964 (Surgeon Generals Report), 1968 (effective years of fairness doctrine), 1971 (pro smoking broadcasting ban) and 1979 (2nd Surgeon Generals Report). The health belief model was spelled out in terms of four constructs representing the perceived threat and net benefits: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers. These concepts were proposed as accounting for peoples readiness to act. The importance of the effect of exposure was again explored by McVey (2000) by treating the sample through four different methods; each having different level of exposure (using TV and local campaigns) and proved that greater the exposure more incidences of smoking. An experiment done through newspapers by Cummings et al. (1987) in the region of Buffalo, New York gave significant results in making people decide not to smoke. The other avenue from where the antismoking message can be delivered is the cigarette pack itself. Thrasher et al. (2007) compared the difference between the message printed with graphic imagery and without graphic imagery on the cigarette pack and came through with the conclu sion from the experiments in Canada and Mexico that graphic imagery decrease the demand of cigarette sold. The weakness of these all papers is that they havent checked the effect of these sources when they are moving with others sources, which is the case of real life. After the importance of exposure, follows the importance of recognition, it is the quality of message that is being delivered. The anti smoking message can be presented by two way one to present the cost of smoking and other is to present the benefit of non smoking. As Bajde (2008) suggests that the effect of anti smoking message is different to smokers and non smokers according to the type of message delivered. The significance of recognition was also evaluated by Siziya (2008) using GYTS (global youth tobacco survey) by identifying the positive association between current smoking status and the passages like direct advertisement, parents, peers, teachers and religious prohibition about smoking. Receptivity and agreement are very important in decision making. Pechmann (2006) worked on this phase by evaluating the results after delivering different type of messages to the audience. He concluded that advertisements showing the extreme consequences of the smoking were rewarded with the greater number of agreements. Increase in experience from campaigns, according to Popham (1993) can also affect receptivity of the individual to have a decision about the health behavior. In the end, aggregating all the stages Straub et al. (2003) used effect of both pro and anti smoking advertisements on the non smokers and evaluated their four liker scale intend to smoke decision and proved that the exposure to advertisements and agreement with the messages delivered plays its role in changing the future decision behavior. The limitation in this paper and all previous stated studies that they have not considered the fact that different dosage of advertisement and different sources have different effect on different individuals. Hence this paper is designed to find the association between the determinants of future intentions that are expected to be independent of difference in the individual behavior. It may be noted that there is hardly such study pertaining to Pakistan, particularly focused on young college graduates. It is the prime age in which individual gets addicted to smoking or equally important is that someone quits smoking. Thus, this study is a pioneering in terms of analyzing such an important behavior of youths which is concerned about their quality of life. Given the above rationale, this study aims at achieving the following objective: Identification of significant sources that deliver pro and anti smoking advertisements. Point out significantly different pro and anti tobacco messages which encourage or discourage smoking Find out future intention to smoke which is effected by the effective frequency and source strength of the pro and anti smoking a dvertisements Methodology Sampling Framework The sampling frame used for this study is the Students of Forman Christian College Lahore. A random sample technique is used. The size of that sample is calculated from the formula proposed by Parel et al. (1973) as stated below: n = Where; N = Population size from which the data is taken (3122), Z= normal variable (2.56 @ 99%) d = maximum error deemed acceptable (10%), p = proportion of the indicator in population calculated from survey (0.30) n = 114 Hence: From this formula using specified parameters the calculation the optimal sample size comes out to be 114. Hypothesis and Proportion Generation For the generation of the hypothesis of significant messages, a survey was conducted in which several pro and anti tobacco statements were asked. From the top six pro and anti tobacco messages were adopted for the study and the geometric mean of all their proportions is used as the proportion (calculation mechanism stated below) that will be used for sample generation formula. Here pi, is the proportion of the occurrence of the ith message and p is the mean of all the proportions which came out to be 0.30. After the calculation the average proportion that any message exists in the population is 0.30 which means that out of 100 people on average 30 people have heard about the message (positive or negative tobacco related). Questionnaire; A questionnaire was developed to generate data to be used for analysis. For convenience the questionnaire was prepared amended and revised in the light of comments by the experts (7). An optimal size of the questionnaire was adopted for the study. Variables / Indicators; The variables in the model are; Intentions to smoke Recognition with the source of the pro tobacco message Frequency of pro tobacco message delivered Agreement with the message; pro-smoking advertisements Receptivity of pro tobacco advertisements Recognition with the source of the anti tobacco message Frequency of anti tobacco message delivered Agreement with the message; Anti-smoking advertisements Receptivity of anti-smoking advertisements Awareness of laws and rules (social and organizational restrictions) (7) I am thankful to the comments on earlier draft to my advertisement expert of PERI, Lahore. Their comments helped to improve the study. Calculation mechanism of variables; Recognition with the source of the pro tobacco message In real life the advertisements had spillover effect that it increases awareness and deliver any particular type of message. Exposure (number of times which individual have seen the message) of anti-smoking advertisements measurement scale is previously used by GYTS (Global Youth Tobacco Survey) and adopted from Siziya (2008). In this calculation five different types of sources are discussed like TV movies, internet, shopping stores, newspapers magazines and billboards. Frequency of the pro tobacco message delivered A frequency of the message seen in a year is asked just to see the recognition like Straub et al. (2003) and Pierce et al. (1991). Higher the frequency represents the ease of recognition of that message. This information is used to form an indicator named Effective Frequency, which is expected to have positive relationship with future intention to smoke and greater association with it, as compared to t he original variable. This quantitative variable can be used in the form of qualitative variable. Receptivity of pro-smoking advertisements:- This measurement scale is adapted from Pierce et al (1991). This scale shows the response of the viewer is return of advertisements. There are two questions asked first one asking two scale responses about having bought any product with tobacco product logo on it and second one five scale question asking future chances of buying one product. The second question is expanded to five scale from four scale used by Pierce et al (1991) to give respondent a wider scope of answers for their future related action. The questions like what is your favorite brand? And what brand of cigarette will you prefer to buy? are dropped out of the model. The results are placed into the model in the form of individual variables. The sign of this variable is expected to have positive sign as present product buying can tempt the individual to buy tobacco prod uct in future. Both questions are dummy variables. Agreement with the message; pro-smoking advertisements The acceptance of the delivered messages is tested on the five scale statements. The agreement with every statement is entered into the model as separate variable. This concept is adopted as agreement is asked in the case of anti-smoking advertisements also, discussed later. Instead of measuring stress and depression like Straub et al. (2003), the statement like Smoking decreases stress and is a solution for depression is asked for agreement. Hence if the individual has a perception that stress and depression can be relieved by smoking then he will go for smoking whenever an individual feels stress or depression. The higher the agreement means value more the chances that the individual will opt to smoke; hence a positive sign are expected. It ranges from 1 to 5. Recognition with the source of the anti tobacco message Similar to the pro tobacco recognition variable this variable is also calculated against the anti tobacco messages. It is expected to have negative relation with the future intention to smoke. Frequency of the pro tobacco message delivered, The frequency of the anti tobacco message delivered is calculated and converted into the effective frequency of anti tobacco message and it is expected to have negative relation with the future intention to smoke and higher negative correlation as compared to the original variable. Receptivity of anti-smoking advertisements Just like pro-smoking case, the receptivity of anti-smoking is also tested with the question like have you ever attempted any kind of anti-smoking seminar, activity or campaign? for a two scale answer. The answers are placed in the model as it is. This variable will probably have negative sign. It is a dummy variable. Agreement with the message; Anti-smoking advertisements This variable adopted form Straub et al. (2003), which checks the extent of agreeme nt with the issues that are delivered by the anti-smoking advertisements. There are six statements having five scale options instead of four scale question as used by Straub et al. (2003) for the sake of wider scope. The results are placed in the model. It will be expected have negative sign and range from 1 to 5. Awareness of laws and rules (social and organizational restrictions) The awareness with the social and organizational restrictions can also make the individual to stop to commit to smoke. Thats why there are two questions like there is a fine when you are caught smoking in public places? And the institution where you belong is smoking free? thus two scale answer is demanded. This variable imposes a negative expected effect on the intention to smoke. It ranges from 0 to 1. Intentions to smoke, According to Straub et al. (2003) and his stated prior studies, intention to smoke is a valid predictor of smoking initiation. The adapted question from Straub et al. (200 3) is expanded to a five scale questions are asked. This variable is considered as the dependent variable. It ranges from 0 to 4 Data analysis mechanism ANOVA results(8) Following are the results of the separate ANOVA analysis on both Anti and Positive smoking advertisements against the sources of messages. Table 1. ANOVA of Positive Smoking Messages Source of variation Degree of freedom Sum of Square F F(5,25)= Sources 5 38617.3 39.43 3.13 Messages 5 550 0.56 3.13 Error 25 4896.6 Total 35 44064 Table 2. Mean variation in the sources Sources Mean Variation Difference Billboards 4.167 Newspapers and magazines 5 0.832 Shopping stores 8.67 3.67 Internet 25.83 17.16 Non media* 71.17 45.34 Movies and TV* 85.17 14 LSD = 19.8 at ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± = 5% *Best two most significant sources (8) Calculation provided in appendix Form the table 1, where the degrees of freedom are the number of sources, messages and error respectively, it is seen that the positive smoking messages are not significant statistically and the sources of the positive smoking messages are statistically significant. Here to find the most different source of message the mean variation of each message is arranged in the ascending order in the table 2. For this, if the difference between the immediate two values of mean variation is greater than the value generated from the Least Significance Difference Test (9) then the particular source is reason that all the sources are become statistically significant. Hence it can be seen that the source named Movies and TV is statistically significant hence only this will be used in the regression analysis so that the limited sample size does not create any problem. Table 3. ANOVA of Anti Smoking Messages Source of variation Degree of freedom Sum of Square F F(5,25)= Sources 5 101671.47 17.29 3.13 Messages 5 3508.47 0.59 3.13 Error 25 29400.36 Total 35 134580.30 Table 4. Mean variation in the sources Source Mean variation Difference Billboards 21.67 Non media 35.17 13.5 Shopping stores 40.83 5.86 Internet 54.5 13.67 Newspapers and magazines* 120.5 66 Movies and TV* 169.17 48.67 LSD = 48.45 at ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± = 5% *Best two most significant sources (9) LSD = t ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±/2 (v) formula taken from Chaudhry (2009) From the ANOVA analysis of the anti smoking messages results are represented in the table 3. It can be seen that for this, the messages are again are not statistically significant and the sources are statistically significant and using the difference in the mean variation in table 4, Movies TV, and newspapers magazines are different from all, hence will be used in the regression analysis. Regression analysis A multinomial regression analysis will be done having change in future behavior, as a dependent variable. Its coefficients will represent the likeliness of change in the behavior. All the variables which passed through the ANOVA as significant are used in the regression analysis. For the judgment of behavioral type decision having limited and discrete outcomes a multinomial logit model as used by Straub et al. (2003) and Nguyen et al. (2003) will be applied. The model is given below; Y = f (significant sources of anti and pro-tobacco advertisements) Where, Y = future intention to smoke The dependent variable is the individuals future intention to smoke, and it is defined as following cases: Definitely not (y = 0) Probably not (y = 1) Dont know (y = 2) Probably yes (y = 3) Definitely yes (y = 4) Table no. 5 Parameter Estimates of Multinomial Logit Model Future decision to smoke a B Std. Error Wald df Sig. Exp(B) 95% Confidence Interval for Exp(B) Lower Bound Upper Bound Definitely not Intercept 1.623 .752 4.658 1 .031 Anti-smoking TV Movies .869* .326 7.117 1 .008 2.386 1.259 4.519 Pro-smoking TV Movies -1.42* .357 15.757 1 .000 .242 .120 .488 Probably not Intercept -.814 1.163 .490 1 .484 Anti-smoking TV Movies 1.89* .468 16.265 1 .000 6.613 2.641 16.562 Pro-smoking TV Movies -1.78* .434 16.718 1 .000 .169 .072 .397 Dont know Intercept -.231 .971 .057 1 .812 Anti-smoking TV Movies 1.10* .387 8.066 1 .005 3.003 1.406 6.416 Pro-Smoking TV Movies -1.01* .402 6.308 1 .012 .364 .166 .801 Probably yes Intercept -1.47 1.227 1.435 1 .231 Anti-smoking TV Movies .383 .380 1.013 1 .314 1.466 .696 3.089 Pro-smoking TV Movies .018 .483 .001 1 .970 1.018 .395 2.624 The reference category is: Definitely yes. *significant at 5% Number of observations = 114 Log-likelihood = 126.630 Chi-squared (8) = 53.728* Pseudo R2 = 0.154 Figure 1 Discussion of Results The interpretation of multinomial logit model is very difficult hence it is only interpreted by checking its marginal effects. The estimated regression results represent that the pro and anti smoking advertisements form TV and Movies are significantly describing the outcome definitely not, probably not and dont know (y = 1, y =2 and y = 3). For others it is insignificant which represents that they are alone not enough to induce individual to make decision to smoke in future. The other factors can be the non significant sources that are excluded from the model. The R2 is 0.152 showing that only 15% of the variation in the dependent variables is explained by the independent. For a Multinomial model the overall significance is represented by the Chi-squared value this is also significant at 1%. In this model the Definitely Smoke decision to smoke is taken as reference point because the sample public is non-smokers and their decision to smoke in future is being tested against the frequ ency of anti and pro smoking advertisements on TV and movies. The results represent that if the average frequency of the anti smoking advertisement on TV and movies is increased by one level (i.e. increasing from never to sometimes or sometimes to most of the time) the probability of individual to choose Definitely not to smoke, Probably not to smoke, Do not know and Probably yes to smoke will be increase by 2.49%, 2.70%, 0.86% and -1.1% on average (calculated by summing the slope value with the intercept) keeping other factors remain constant represented in the figure 1. Similarly if the average frequency of the pro smoking advertisement on TV and movies is increased by one level (i.e. increasing from never to sometimes or sometimes to most of the time) the probability of individual to choose Definitely not to smoke, Probably not to smoke, Do not know and Probably yes to smoke will be increase by 0.20%, -2.60%, -1.24% and -1.3% on average keeping other factors remain constant. The results of the pro smoking advertisements are different from the expectation is due to two reason, the first one is that the target sample is non smokers and according to this characteristic the pro smoking advertisement will generally have minimal effect on them. Secondly the pro smoking advertisement in the significant source of advertisement i.e. TV and movies is already very rare, most of the countries had banned it. Conclusion and Policy Implication After constructing a survey and questionnaire according to the health belief model (i.e. prediction of future health related behavior by evaluating degree of significance exposure, recognition, agreement and receptivity of the pro- and anti- tobacco advertisements) it is concluded that the health related behavior is only partially affected by delivering anti- or pro-tobacco messages from TV and Movies. Hence to stop non-smoking youth to indulge in smoking, these sources should be used primary tool. The role of the anti smoking advertisements is to increase the perceived cost of the smoking behavior in the youth. Future intention to smoke means that in present either there is a problem or the pro-tobacco advertisements are successful as compared to the anti- tobacco advertisements. The issue related to the paper is there is no way to test the truth of the correspondent and as the questionnaire is asking the frequency of the advertisements seen lately, it cannot be sure that inter pretation the frequency of the advertisements is same for all ,also it is hard to infer on unreliable memory recall based questions. The results of the questionnaires that are filled cannot be compared with each other, to overcome this particular problem the variables in same section are not used as a mean they are used individually. Form the results it can be seen that advertisements and messages are not an important factor that determines the future decision to smoke among all the sources of advertisements, the firms (advertisers) which use only TV Movies are marginally significant. Thus it can be said that the money spent by the firms on other sources is not much gainful in the scenario of graduate students of Forman Christian College University. However, it may be a special case, since F.C.C University has stick rules and awareness against smoking. It is a special case which may not be applied in general. In real life the future related decisions are always scenario relat ed, hence even an individual who has checked to not to smoke in future might smoke if the present scenario changes. There should be a shorter way to ask and detect the determinants of future smoking intention that do not involve the time variation and situation variation. The length of the questionnaire in any form of primary analysis is always unwelcomed by the respondents so the length of the questionnaire is minimized as much as possible.